Bai et. al (2020)
- Impacts of increasing diversity
- Impacts of increasing diversity
Describe a weakness of this study/paper (Discussion)
Ex: No experimental data (correlational and quasi-experimental data only)
What are the two main dimensions of the SCM model?
Warmth and competence
What do you think of the participants they used in these studies and how does that affect the validity? (Discussion)
Ex: The participants were all Canadian undergraduate students, which is not exactly a diverse group. On the other hand, the variety of manipulations and domains across these four studies strongly suggest that the results are valid.
What are 2 ways that researchers manipulate how powerful participants feel in the lab (as described in Galinsky et. al)?
- Structural (hierarchical role, control over resources, strong alternatives)
- Experiential (episodic recall, imagined hierarchical role)
- Conceptual (semantic priming, visual priming)
- Physical (posture, hand gestures, seating position)
Do you think warmth is primary over competence, competence over warmth, or neither? Why? (Discussion)
Ex: Warmth is easier to judge with people you've met before; competence easier to judge with people you've never met (e.g., talented actors, scholars, etc.)
Describe a strength of this study/paper (Discussion)
Ex: Examined data at world-, state- and individual-level and analyzed longitudinal results
What's another example IRL of a power interaction like the ones described in Fiske 1993? (Discussion)
Many potential examples - idea is that there is a structure where powerful people have low motivations to pay attention to the less powerful people
What is this process: "a motivated tendency to construe the current status quo as the most desirable and reasonable state of affairs"?
Injunctification
Summarize the main idea of the Keltner et. al paper
High power --> approach behavior; low power --> inhibited behavior
"power is associated with (a) positive affect, (b) attention to rewards, (c) automatic information processing, and (d) disinhibited behavior. In contrast, reduced power is associated with (a) negative affect; (b) attention to threat, punishment, others’ interests, and those features of the self that are relevant to others’ goals; (c) controlled information processing; and (d) inhibited social behavior."
In Bai et. al 2020, what was a benefit of using a longitudinal design in Study 3 vs. a cross-sectional design in Study 1 and 2? (Discussion)
Ex: "baseline stereotype dispersion can already differ across individuals"
Summarize the main results of the paper
Higher diversity --> lower stereotypic diversion (aka reduced perceived group differences)
Do you think powerful people are *really* more attentionally burdened than less powerful people? Why or why not? (Discussion)
Ex: Although people in powerful people may have more official responsibilities, less powerful people may be equally burdened by other concerns (e.g., financial, domestic)
What's an example of injunctification that you've observed IRL? (Discussion)
Ex: Because women aren't represented in higher job positions, that's the way it's supposed to be
What paper we've read earlier does Keltner et. al remind you of? (Discussion)
Ex: It reminds me of the Bean Fest paper (aka Fazio 2004), which was also related to approach/avoidance behavior. (There may be others!)
When might people NOT injunctify the status quo under typical system justification circumstances? (Discussion)
Ex: feelings of inescapability in certain socio-political contexts may drive people to "fight the system"
What is ethnic diversity (as operationalized in the paper)?
“ethnic diversity (ED) is defined as the probability that two randomly selected individuals from a population will belong to different ethnic groups”
Describe ALL FOUR quadrants of the SCM model with examples of each
High warmth, high competence, the combination that includes the society’s prototypic ingroups, such as the middle class, elicits pride and admiration.
Low warmth, low competence, the quadrant that contains societal outcasts, such as homeless people, elicits contempt and disgust.
Low warmth, but high competence, the mixed combination that includes successful outsiders, such as rich people, elicits envy and jealousy.
High warmth, but low competence, the mixed quadrant includes benign subordinates, such as old or disabled people, elicits pity and sympathy.
What's another psychological process that system justification reminds you of? Why? (Discussion)
Ex: It reminds me of cognitive dissonance and confirmation bias because it's a protective mechanism that helps people avoid hard truths.
Describe one impact of power on cognitive processes as described in Galinsky et. al
Cognitive Processes
- Abstraction --> high power people tend to think more abstractly
- Executive function --> low power impairs executive functioning
- Spatial biases --> high power results in greater activation of left hemisphere
- Vocal acoustics --> "high power speakers were higher pitched, less variable in pitch, and more variable in loudness than low-power speakers"
How can social media affect relationships between more and less powerful people? (Discussion)
Ex: Gives less powerful people a voice, e.g., #Black Lives Matter, #Me Too
What is stereotypic dispersion and what do higher numbers mean?
“Stereotype dispersion (SD) is operationalized as the Euclidean distance in warmth−competence space”
“Higher scores indicate larger distances among groups, which means larger stereotype dispersion or more perceived dissimilarities.”
What's the difference between prejudice, discrimination, and stereotyping?
“Apart from prejudice (affect) and discrimination (behavior), stereotyping describes people's beliefs (cognitions) about an individual based on group membership.” (1993)
Compare and contrast: system dependence, system inescapability, and system threat
- System dependence: "The system justification motive is thought to result, in large part, from attempts to psychologically protect the self from beliefs that something that has considerable control over one’s welfare and outcomes is illegitimate and unfair." More dependence = more justification
- System Inescapability: "When people acknowledge that the outcomes in their lives are dependent on a system’s rules and they believe little can be done to change this, the choice is often to rationalize or justify such arrangements"
- System Threat: "threatening the system increases the penchant to engage in processes of system justification"
Compare and contrast: power, status, and authority (as in Keltner et. al)
Power: "an individual’s relative capacity to modify others’ states by providing or withholding resources or administering punishments"
Status: "the outcome of an evaluation of attributes that produces differences in respect and prominence."
Authority: power that derives from institutionalized roles or arrangements
Fiske (1993) suggests that in order to reduce stereotyping, there should be incentives for powerful people to pay attention to the less powerful people. What would "good" incentives look like? (Discussion)
I'm open to ideas