Keohane
Two approaches Keohane examines to international institutions and what theories they reflect.
Rationalist and reflective.
The rationalist approach reflects realism, while the reflective approach reflects constructivism.
These are the two types of government networks discussed by Slaughter.
1. Formal transgovernmental regulatory organizations
2. Agreements between domestic regulatory agencies of two or more states
Liberalism believes this can replace power in the international system.
Cooperation.
The definition of interdependence.
When countries find themselves dependent upon other countries to effectively make and enforce policy.
Give an example of a specific IO and two of its members (must be states.)
Literally any organization you can name.
This is Keohane's definition of an institution as it applies to the international system.
They can be formal organizations with prescribed hierarchies and the capacity for purposive action, or complexes of rules and organizations that have been established and agreed upon by states.
The advantages of a government network, according to Slaughter.
Fast, flexible, cheap. Also potentially more effective, accountable, and inclusive than existing international institutions. Can spring up overnight, address many issues, and form links between existing networks known as "mega networks."
The source of power in a multilateralist world.
Asymmetries in interdependence.
The difference between relative and absolute gains.
Absolute gains are gains made by everyone in the system; relative gains are advantages one state may have over another.
Name a regional organization and two of its members (must be states.)
Literally any RO you can think of.
The focus of the rationalist approach on international institutions.
Focuses on specific institutions, emphasizes regimes and formal international organizations; assumes scarcity and competition as well as rationality on behalf of the actors.
This is the advantage for a transgovernmental regulatory organization in using a Memoranda of Understanding (MOU) over a more formal agreement.
MOUs do not have to use the involvement of traditional diplomatic actors. They are often brief and drafted in non-legal language. They can also be established very fast, both in terms of negotiation and implementation.
These are the realist and constructivist arguments about the judicial power of IOs.
Realist: IOs only enjoy judicial power because they are backed by the power of states.
Constructivist: IOs do have independent judicial power because they can pass judgment and form interpretations on international law, and can also establish international norms of behavior.
These are three characteristics of complex interdependence.
1. Military force play a minor role in settling disputes.
2. States have multiple channels of communication.
3. There is no clear hierarchy of issues.
The name of the current Secretary General of the UN.
Antonio Guterres
The focus of the reflective approach on international institutions.
Emphasizes that institutions are not created consciously, but emerge through a slow and deliberative process, and are often taken for granted. Does not believe looking at utility maximization and historical origins is helpful in understanding variations in institutional arrangements.
List and explain Slaughter's two examples of transgovernmental regulatory organizations and state which one is more successful, and why.
1. The Basle Committee on Banking Supervision
2. The International Organization of Securities Commissioner
BCBS is more successful because of its close personal contacts and ability to exercise power over its members, which the IOSC does not have.
The ways in which IOs can use moral authority and information to show independent power.
Moral authority: shaming and political entrepreneurship
Information: epistemic communities and how governments and countries do business.
Explain a perfectly interdependent relationship, and give an example.
Both states depend on each other equally and cannot effectively threaten each other because of the cost it would have to them both.
Example: relationship between Western countries and the Persian Gulf in the 1980's
Name a state that is not a member of the UN.
Vatican City, Palestine, Taiwan, Western Sahara, Kosovo, South Ossetia, Abkhazia, and Northern Cyprus.
List and explain the weaknesses of both rational and reflective approaches, and what Keohane suggests to replace them.
The rational approach does not take into account social processes, and does not explain the origins or evolution of practices and how these practices may impact institutions.
The reflective approach does not have a clear research program that can be used to look at international institutions in an empirical sense and thus is marginal to the field of IR.
Keohane seems to suggest a combination of the strengths of both approaches.
List and explain the three main criticisms of government networks.
1. Lack of accountability
2. Promotion of a minimalist and exclusionary policy agenda
3. Marginalization and displacement of traditional IOs
All of the ways in which state power can be expressed in IOs.
1. Negotiating power
2. Agenda-setting power
3. Public perception/soft power
4. Structural power
5. Institutional power
Explain asymmetries in interdependence and give an example.
Asymmetries in interdependence happen when countries are interdependent, but one relies on the other to a greater degree.
Example: US, Singapore, and WTO
This is the oldest IO.
The Universal Postal Union.