Lower Limb part 1
How much do we angle for an AP toe projection?
10-15 degrees toward the calcaneus (cephalic)
What is the centering point for an AP knee?
½” inferior to apex of patella
Where do we place the IR for an AP proximal femur and AP distal femur?
How do we position the patient for AP proximal femur and AP distal femur?
AP proximal top of IR @ ASIS
AP distal bottom of IR 2in. below knee joint
AP proximal- rotate leg 15-20 internally
AP distal- rotate internally 5 degrees.
For the AP "open mouth" projection what 2 landmarks need to be superimposed?
lower margin of upper incisors and the base of the skull
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
What are the 5 main parts of the lumbar vertebrae we see in the "scotty dog"
5
pedicle, pars interarticularis, transverse process, superior articular process, inferior articular process
Tuberosity of 5th metatarsal in profile
3rd cuneiform without superimposition
cuboid in profile
What position is this?
medial oblique foot
30-40 degree rotation
How many degrees do we flex the knee for a lateral projection?
CR angle?
20-30 degrees
5-7 cephalic
Where do we center for an AP pelvis?
Position for AP Pelvis?
CR perpendicular 2in. inferior to ASIS
15 to 20 degree internal rotation
What image criteria will be visualized in a RPO cervical spine?
the left intervertebral foramen
For the lumbar spine which position do we visualize the z-joints?
Intervertebral foramina?
z joints= 45 degree obliques
foramina=lateral
Where do we center for an Axial projection for the calcaneus?
base of 3rd metatarsal
Degree of angulation according to the patient's body habitus
thin thigh & buttocks
Average
Thick thigh & buttocks
3-5° caudal
0° perpendicular
3-5° cepahlic
Differences between male and female pelvis?
Male- narrow, acute angle, more oval or heart shaped inlet
Female- wider, obtuse angle, rounder and larger inlet
How many degrees from the midsagittal plane do we visualize the z-joints for the cervical spine?
90 degrees
lateral view
The iliac crest sits at what level of vertebrae?
L4-L5
Demonstrates a completely open mortise
What position is this? degree of rotation?
Mortise/Medial Rotation 15-20 degrees
Head and neck of fibula without superimposition
½ of patella free from superimposition medially
What position is this?
medial oblique/internal knee
What is the strongest bone in the body?
Femur
What position do we visualize the intervertebral foramen in the thoracic spine?
Lateral
Flexing the patient's knees for an AP L-spine brings the vertebral column more __________ to the IR.
parallel
Medial mortise open; lateral mortise closed
What position is this?
AP ankle
How many degrees do we rotate the knee for obliques?
45 degrees
What 3 bones fuse together at the acetabulum?
ilium
ischium
pubis
Which intervertebral foramen do we visualize in a LAO cervical spine?
Which way do we angle for an LAO?
left foramina
15 caudad
*Anterior obliques we visualize the downside (closest to IR) foramina
*Posterior obliques we visualize the upside(furthest from IR) foramina
Where do we center for an AP sacrum and AP coccyx?
CR angulation?
Centering 2in. superior to pubic symphysis
Sacrum= 15 cephalic
Coccyx= 10 caudad