Unit 1
What is pharmakinetics?
-Body on the drug
- Drug on the body
What are examples of positive feedback? Give 1 example
A change that disrupts homeostasis.
Ex: Child birth, blood clotting, cancer, or breast feeding
What does it mean if the mylein shealths are thicker? Is it Autonomic or somatic with thicker myelin shelaths?
The stimulation goes quicker down the axon.
Somatic.
What is Dementia? Delirium?
Slow, irreversible. Losses of orientation, memory, language.
Reversible. In and out, slurred speech.
What is agonist?
Agonist- normal activation. Make processes go "faster" or "slower". (reversible).
3 categories for an ideal drug and explanations of each. Is there such thing has an ideal drug?
Effectiveness: elicits the responses for which it is given most important property a drug can have.
Safety:drugs cannot produce harmful effects.
Selectivity: drug elicits only the response for which it is given.
NO SUCH thing as an ideal drug.
Neurotransmitters associated with SNS, PNS, & Somatic?
SNS- NE, E, & Dopamine.
PNS- ACh
Somatic- ACh
Preganglionic vs Postganglionic in SNS. (Neurotransmitters)
Pre: ACh & cholinergic
Post: NE & Adrenergic receptors
What is the nun study? What was discovered?
By Dr. Snowdon,
Longitudinal story with 2 twin nuns, etc.
What is dopamine?
Increases renal blood flow, dilates blood vessels.
What is first pass effect? What type of medication?
Most of the drug is metabolized 90% in the liver before it gets to where its supposed to go.
Oral medication only.
What are modulating factors?
Things we CAN change to cope with stress.
What are the SNS receptors? Give examples of each.
Alpha 1- Rise in BP.
Alpha 2- Negative feedback loop.
Beta 1- Heart & Kidney
Beta 2- Liver, Uterus, Lungs, Arterioles, and GI tract.
How does Barre happen? What is the treatment? What can be effected in part of the body?
Flu, infection or viral sickness.
Treatment IVG (intravenous immunoglobulin).
Diaphragm
What is tolerance vs dependence?
Tolerance- decreased response occurring during the course of prolonged drug use.
Dependence- abrupt discon't of drug use will result in withdrawal syndrome.
3 types of capillaries and explain each.
With examples.
Continuous- tight junctions very hard to cross. Ex: BBB. Gaps b/w cells get wider as you go from the gut and nephrons to the live and bone marrow.
Fenestrated- "leakier" Small pores w/small gaps in b/w cells. Ex:glomerular & gut mucosa
Discontinuous- wide open junctions. Allows for larger molecules to pass through. Ex: liver & marrow
Note: Further into CNS the bigger the gaps.
What are is GAS? Explain each step.
1) alarm stage
2) resistance/adaptation
3) exhaustion(allostatic overload)
Draw and explain a synapse.
Pre synaptic, post synaptic, cleft, vessicles, receptor, impluse.
what is agnosia, dysphagia, and aphasia?
Agnosia- inability to feel sensations
Dysphagia- impaired speech
Aphasia- more severe than dysphagia, inability to use language
What is selectivity? What is a selective drug?
most desirable quality a drug can have. More selective less side effects.
Dopamine.
4 basic pharmokinetic processes? With details.
Absorption- movement of drugs into the blood.
Distribution- blood into interstitial spaces of tissues and form there into cells.
Metabolism(biotransformation) - Liver: P450 system).
Excretion- drugs that go out of the body. (sweat, breast milk, etc.)
HPA what is it? What is the neurotransmitter pathway?
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis.
Hypothalamus ( CRH) --> Anterior Pituitary (ACTH) --> Adrenal Cortex (Cortisol)
what are the 4 main CNS glial cells?
and 1 SNS glial cell?
If it correlates with a disease which one?
CNS:
Astrocytes- Parkisons
Oligodendrocytes- MS
Microglia- AD
Epenymal cells
PNS:
Schwann cells- Gullain-Barre
What are the different types of MS? Explain briefly each.
Spinal MS- bladder and bowel problems, weakness/numbness in one or more limbs.
Cerebellar MS- affects all limbs, weakness, ataxia
Short Lived Attacks-correlated w/ stress
Paroxysmal attacks- sudden attacks only early on
What does it mean if a drug is HIGHLY selective? Example?
It knows what it wants, it knows which receptor it wants to select. Meaning it won;t be stimulating other receptors. Also means, there will be less side effects.
Alpha receptors