Definitions
Belief
An attitude one takes toward a statement or claim
How are both Epistemic Bubbles and Echo Chambers impediments to critical thinking?
They limit exposure to diverse perspectives and reliable evidence.
What are the cases of Toshiro and Sumiko supposed to illustrate?
You can have 2 justified beliefs but only one can be true.
What is your assessment of Paul’s argument?
Free Point
Why is Critical Thinking normative?
It tells us what we ought to do.
Statement
A sentence that is either true or false
How do you seek to eliminate Epistemic Bubbles?
Simply provide the missing information.
What does Morton mean when he claims that irrational beliefs may be true?
It means that you can still develop a true belief without it being justified.
How does CT help us develop intellectual virtues?
Critical thinking cultivates these virtues by requiring consistent standards, self-examination, and a disciplined commitment to truth over bias or self-interest.
What does it mean to claim that our beliefs should not be generate by reality and not a desire?
It means to be a reasonable person.
Knowledge
A true and Justified Belief
How do you seek to eliminate Echo Chambers?
You have to repair the trust that has been broken.
What is the example of “George and Shoshana” meant to illustrate?
You can develop beliefs irrationally.
What is the problem of seeing critical thinking merely as a tool?
What is the difference between an epistemic bubble and an echo chamber?
Epistemic bubbles simply don't have the information while echo chambers actively discredit outside information.
Epistemic Bubble
A social structure where relevant voices are excluded by omission.
Are EB and EC both forms of irrationality? Why, or why not?
No, because you are still reasoning in both examples however in one the reasoning process has been corrupted while the other is simply missing information.
What does Morton mean when he says that “a good result can be obtained by a bad method?”
You can still get a true belief through irrational means.
What is Paul’s argument that learning and understanding the value of CT will make us better citizens?
That learning and understanding the value of critical thinking makes us better citizens because it cultivates intellectual virtues.
What is Morton's Black Cat Example?
You can have a true belief without being justified.
Argument
A group of statements which are
claimed to provide support for one of the
others.
Can someone put themselves into an echo chamber? Why?
No, because it's a social structure.
What does Morton mean when he says that opposing beliefs can both be justified?
They both can have good reasons for believing them but both cannot count as knowledge.
What is an intellectual virtue?
An intellectual virtue is a stable habit of mind—such as humility, courage, and fair-mindedness—that disposes a person to reason honestly and responsibly.
How is truth connected to facts?
Fact's are the way the world is and truth is just if the statement you're making reflect the state of affairs.