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Definitions
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Epi-Curves
Calculations
Studies
100
Define "cluster".
An aggregation of cases over a particular period closely grouped in time and space.
100
Compare and contrast: Epidemic, Pandemic, Outbreak.
The term “outbreak” simply refers to the presence of more cases than expected of a certain disease in a group of people. An epidemic is a larger outbreak, it is spread across a wide geographical area and larger numbers of people are affected. A pandemic is a larger epidemic in which people across the entire world can be affected. If you were to rank them by “size” from smallest to largest, it would be: outbreak, epidemic, pandemic.
100
y-axis tells you....?
number of cases
100
Calculate relative risk.
8.36
100
What does it mean for a study to have forward directionality?
A study has forwards directionality when the exposure status is known (the epidemiologist knows whether or not participants have been exposed), and it needs to be determined whether or not the participants will develop the disease in question.
200
Define "contagious".
Capable of being transmitted from one person to another by contact or close proximity
200
Compare and contrast: Fomite, Vector, Vehicle.
Vectors differ from vehicles and fomites because they are living (Vector = Living; Fomite and Vehicle: Non-living) A fomite serves to transmit an infectious agent from person to person, while a vehicle is an object (food, water, blood, etc) that may indirectly transmit an infectious agent from a reservoir to a host All fomites are vehicles, but not all vehicles are fomites.
200
x-axis tells you...?
date of symptom onset
200
What is the purpose of calculating relative risk?
- used to estimate the extent of the association between an exposure and a disease. - estimates the likelihood of developing the disease in the exposed group compared to the unexposed group.
200
What does it mean for a study to have backward directionality?
A study has backwards directionality when the disease status is known (the epidemiologist knows whether or not the participants have the disease), and it needs to be determined whether or not the participants have been exposed to the exposure in question.
300
Define "index case".
The first known case of a disease in an outbreak.
300
Compare and contrast: Epidemic Curve, Line Listing
Main difference- Epidemic Curves are graphs, while Line Listings are spreadsheet-like. Line Listings show data from individual patients, Epidemic Curves don’t Epidemic Curves give a better general overview of outbreak, while Line Listings show individual cases of disease
300
Appropriate title for this graph? A) Outbreak of Disease in New York City B) Cholera Cases by Date of Onset in New York City, January 2000-December 2000 C) Cholera Spread Patterns D) Diseases in New York City from January 2000 to December 2000
B) Cholera Cases by Date of Onset in New York City, January 2000-December 2000
300
What type(s) of study design is a relative risk used in? What type(s) of study design is an odds ratio used in?
relative risk: cohort study odds ratio: case-control study
300
What type of data is usually provided by analytic studies?
Analytical studies tell why people have the disease and how it spreads.
400
Define "vaccine".
A biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease
400
Compare and Contrast: Symptom, Sign
Symptoms are felt by patient, they are subjective Signs are observable by others
400
3 most common types of epi-curves?
Point source, Propagated, Common Source
400
Formula for odds ratio?
(a/b)/(c/d) = ad/bc
400
What type of data is generally provided by descriptive studies?
Descriptive studies tell who has the disease, what the disease is, when the disease was discovered/first identified, and where the outbreak of the disease is occurring
500
Define "zoonosis".
An infectious disease that is transmissible from animals to humans.
500
Compare and Contrast: Quarantine, Isolation
If people who are well, but suspected to have been exposed, are separated, it is referred to as quarantine If people who are confirmed to be infected are separated, it is referred to as isolation
500
What are 4 things that this type of graph can tell you about an outbreak?
 The outbreak's time trend, which is the distribution of cases over time  Outliers, that is, cases that stand apart from the overall pattern  General sense of the illness magnitude  Inferences about the outbreak's mode of spread  The most likely period of exposure
500
What is the difference between prevalence and incidence?
Incidence is the measure of a number of NEW cases of a disease, while prevalence includes both new cases and those contracted in the past.
500
What is the difference between a retrospective study and a prospective study?
A retrospective study looks backwards and examines exposures to suspected risk or protection factors in relation to an outcome that is established at the start of the study. A prospective study watches for outcomes, such as the development of a disease, during the study period and relates this to other factors such as suspected risk or protection factor(s).