Technology
Mariners relied on these maps of the stars and galaxies to guide ships direction, especially before the compass was invented. These also improved tremendously during this time period, and accurate ones were reproduced through the printing press.
What were astronomical charts?
When a person or group of people are not held accountable or to the law for crimes against others.
What is impunity?
Mandatory tax that was paid to the RCC, 1/10 of a family's income. Many were upset that this was used to fund massive building projects in Rome and the papacy's extravagant lifestyle, instead of charity for the poor.
What was the tithe?
Indigenous people of the Caribbean were known by these two tribal names.
Who were the Carib and Taino people?
New World cash crop, Native Americans smoked it medicinally and spiritually. It became all the rage in Europe.
What was tobacco?
The French explorers like Champlain and Cartier wanted to find gold, silver and a northwest passage where they explored and claimed in North America. They didn't. But they did trade extensively in this that made them very wealthy back in Europe, with a lot of help from Native Americans who were experts in trapping and hunting.
What were furs?
Claimed by Spain upon conquering the Aztecs and other Indigenous peoples, this included Florida, most of the Southwestern United States, Mexico, Central America and much of South America. It was called this at the time (not very original).
What was New Spain?
Portuguese monarch who led the way in developing his kingdoms exploration through recruitment of the best navigators, shipbuilders and cartographers.
Who was Prince Henry the Navigator?
Enslavement is this type of labor or condition.
What was coerced?
Goal of King Phillip II of Spain (Hapsburg/Habsburg), and he waged wars throughout Europe in this effort and as Spain's response to the Protestant Reformation.
Presently, indigenous people of Canada identify by these names.
Who are First Peoples and First Nations?
Old world cash crop originating in Arabia and guarded closely by the sultanates in that region, combined with sugar and milk in the 17th century, it grows exceptionally well in tropical and sub tropical climates so many plantations in the West Indies were focused on growing it for great profits.
What was coffee?
This was found in abundance in Mexico and South America where the Aztec and Inca empires had thrived. It would be loaded up on the Spanish galleons and make its way to the Philippines (now controlled largely by Spain) and then China - who were happy to sell their tea, porcelain and silk in exchange for it.
What was gold and silver (but for the Chinese, silver especially)?
France's land claims in North America were located in much of present day eastern and central Canada, as well as the land in between the Appalachian Mountains and Mississippi River, including what would become New Orleans. They too were not very creative with the choice of name.
What was New France?
Muslim navigators developed this technology that would tell them their latitude (how far they were north or south of the equator).
What was the astrolabe?
Euphemism for the horrific journey of captured, enslaved Africans from the west coast of Africa to the Caribbean, North, Central and South America.
What was the Middle Passage?
The pope did not want his two loyally Roman Catholic kingdoms to war over global exploration, so he issued this in 1594 to divide the earth between Spain and Portugal, and give the approval for enslavement of anyone who were not Roman Catholic Christians.
What was the Treaty of Tordesillas?
Central Mexican Empire led by Montezuma II, the capital was Tenochtitlan, conquered by Conquistador Cortez, smallpox, and their subjugated local enemies.
Who were the Aztecs?
The most labor intensive cash crop, from the Old World, its earliest known origins were in southeast Asia and China, followed by India and the Arabian Peninsula. Extensive plantations in Brazil and the West Indies were set up using enslaved labor (many of whom died in the process of planting and harvesting it due to the very difficult and cruel conditions).
What is sugar?
The Ming and Qing Dynasties were more than happy to take payment for their tea, porcelain and silk from the Europeans who wanted it in exchange for this. They didn't much interest in other European goods at that time.
What was silver?
Dutch claims in North America were limited to much of present day New Jersey and New York. It didn't stay theirs for long, as the British soon realized the advantages of the harbors of what became New York City. The Dutch were also not very creative in their names.
What were New Netherland, and the city was New Amsterdam?
Invented in China, it works as the Earth is the enormous bar magnet parallel to the north south axis to lead mariners in the right direction.
What is a magnetic compass?
European colonists to the Americas after 1492 and anytime afterward were these people, individuals who moves to a new country to live permanently, often seeking better opportunities or reuniting with family.
Who are immigrants?
Martin Luther's 95 Thesis was extremely influential due largely to this recent invention, which just so happen to also come from a German speaking region and inventor.
What was the printing press?
Who were the Incas?
Old world diseases were extremely deadly to Indigenous Americans who did not have prior exposure to them until the end of the 15th century and thereafter. This particular disease did the most damage and caused major population loss among them.
What was smallpox?
A general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money.
What is inflation?
Joint-Stock companies travelled with these, in case of pirates or if the people they encountered resisted their attempts at trade or domination of their people and land.
What were armies/militaries?
Type of sails adapted from Arab sailors that could catch wind in either direction and therefore travel in different directions and on larger bodies of water to expand trade routes.
What was the lateen sail?
Spanish conquerors in the Americas, such as Pizarro and Cortez.
Who were conquistadors?
Church of England, formed by King Henry VIII (Tudor Dynasty); in the Americas it will be renamed the Episcopalian Church. He made himself the head of it with the Archbishop of Canterbury the religious leader. VERY similar to RCC but the land and $$$ stayed in England. This split England apart and led to persecution of Catholics and a back and forth over the next couple of hundred years. The similarity to the RCC led to several other protestant denominations developing in England because the it was too similar to the RCC for many.
What is the Anglican Church?
After 1492, those parts of the Americas which speak Spanish, Portuguese, French or Creoles based on them, which are Latin-derived languages: South America, Central America, Mexico, and most islands of the Caribbean.
What is Latin America?
New world plant that came from the name of the tree that produces the beans and leaves, indigenous to South America. Among indigenous cultures, it was so valuable it was used as currency. Today, we like to add sugar and milk. This is a big week for this commodity.
What is cacao, which makes chocolate?
The VOC profited extensively from this spice, through the subjugation and destruction of the Banda people.
What was nutmeg?
These colonial immigrants agreed to work for a set number of years in exchange for the passage to the Americas. They were typically your poorest people with the least opportunities to own land in England, hence why they would be willing to sign these contracts (that they likely couldn’t actually read for themselves); their conditions varied but many were often treated very harshly and some worked to death so that their masters/bosses would not have to provide them with land or other payment at the end of their contracted service.
Who were indentured servants?
Three types of ships adopted by the Portuguese and Spanish that furthered their exploration and global trade.
What were the caravel, carrack and galleon?
Dislike of or prejudice against people from other countries
What is xenophobia?
Protestants that were considered "radical" because they followed the Bible at all costs and thousands were executed as a result (by Catholics and other Protestants) because they would not swear oaths, baptism was for adults (not babies), they were pacifists (would not fight in king's armies). Today's Baptists have their roots in this group as well as the Mennonites and the Amish. Their persecution led many to emigrate to the Americas for religious freedom at this time
Who were the Anabaptists?
A Eurocentric complex social hierarchy system established during Spanish colonization in the Americas, which classified individuals based on their racial lineage, essentially creating a social ranking based on the degree of Spanish blood a person had, with those closer to pure Spanish descent holding higher status.
What were castas?
Staple vegetable crop of the New World and Indigenous people, it grows well and easily, and comes in many colors besides yellow.
What is corn?
The euphemism for the horrific journey of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas.
What was the Middle Passage?
Early Spanish plantations in the Americas that used enslaved labor of indigenous people and African people.
What were Encomiendas?
Smaller ship that still carried a good amount of cargo, adapted by the Dutch VOC, that could navigate large and small bodies of water.
What was the fluyt?
A person who leaves their own country in order to settle permanently in another.
What is an emigrant?
Swiss Protestant leader; believed in predestination and a very strict interpretation of Christianity - removing the excesses of the RCC. Spread throughout much of France, Scotland, England...different followers were called Calvinists, Presbyterians, and Puritans.
Who was John Calvin?
The Treaty of Tordesillas give official permission or approval for (an action) for Spain and Portugal to divide the globe and enslave non-Christians or non-Roman Catholic Christians, as well as to convert those they came into contact with to Roman Catholic Christianity. This is the term for that official permission.
What is to sanction?
These animals were originally from the "Old World" and would eat just about anything, so the Spanish and other European colonists left them on islands to breed as a future food source. They are destructive environmentally, and Native Americans would hunt them just as they would any other wild animal. Europeans colonists/immigrants disagreed with this and felt their property was stolen when this happened.
What were pigs/boars?
Enslavement was enforced through acts of this or the threat of it at any time.
What was violence?
Spain flooded the European markets with this precious metal causing inflation; and less investment in Spanish industry and infrastructure so their wealth and power did not last.
What was silver?
The difficult straight at the Southern tip of South America (by Cape Horn) was named after this explorer who led the expedition to get through it.
What is the Straight of Magellan?
A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force. Empire building
What is imperialism?
The further away a kingdom was from this center of the RCC, the more likely it was to embrace the new Protestant denominations.
What was Rome?
Indigenous Americans prior to the Columbian Exchange had domesticated this animal, a distant relative to the camel.
What are llamas?
This staple crop of the "New World" grows well in rocky, cold soil. The Irish loved it, but in the mid 19th century the crop became diseased and it led to terrible famine.
What were potatoes?
Captured enslaved Africans often tried to do this to escape the extreme brutality and suffering of the Middle Passage.
What was jump overboard and commit suicide?
Spanish priest who documented the abuses of Indigenous peoples of the Americas to the King and Queen of Spain.
Who was Bartolome de las Casas?
Who were women?
To deprive people of their basic human rights and dignity; to be viewed and treated as lesser than other humans.
What is to dehumanize?
14th to early 15th century Czech Christian leader, philosopher and reformer; followers were called Hussites; executed (along with his followers) for heresy; burned at the stake.
Who was Jan Hus?
Indigenous group that inhabited present day Southern Ocean County.
Who were the Lenni Lenape?
Staple crops of the New World such as tomatoes, cassava, corn, and potatoes would have this impact on the diets and populations of people of the Old World, especially Europeans at this time.
What was it led to population growth due to better, more varied diets?
In chattel slavery an enslaved person would inherit the status of their mother, so if the mother was enslaved, her children also would be. This led to enslavers doing this often.
What was impregnating their female enslaved people to produce more human property for themselves?
Joint-stock companies' charters granted them the right to do this if they were unable to establish favorable trade terms with foreign leaders or merchants.
What was wage war?