Name the Philosopher
Said: I think, therefore I am
or in Latin: Cogito, ergo sum
Rene Descartes
A period dated from the Mid-7th century to mid 13th century, in which Muslims around the world contributed to economic, scientific and technological advancements
Islamic Golden Age
Wilhelm Wundt
Known for his impact on behaviorism, by developing the concept of operant conditioning, a learning theory where behavior is modified by its consequences, through rewards and punishments
B.F. Skinner
The belief that the human mind and the human body are two entirely separate entities
Dualism
Proposed the Theory of Forms: A metaphysical concept asserting that the physical world is a mere shadow of a higher, more real, and eternal realm of ideal forms.
Plato
A term historically used to describe the Early Middle Ages in Western Europe, from roughly the 5th to 10th centuries, after the fall of the Roman Empire, marked by a scarcity of historical records and a loss of classical knowledge
The Dark Ages
Created the first psychology course in America
William James
Proposed the social cognitive theory and is well known for the “Bobo doll” experiment
Albert Bandura
The philosophical study of the nature, origin, and limits of human knowledge (theory of knowledge)
Epistemology
Proposed a hierarchy of three types of souls: the nutritive (plants), the sensitive (animals), and the rational (humans)
Aristotle
The name given to a period of drastic change in scientific thought that took place during the 16th and 17th centuries
The Scientific Revolution
Significantly impacted psychology through his discovery of classical conditioning, demonstrating that behaviors could be learned through association
Ivan Pavlov
Known for his work on child development and his proposed four stages of cognitive development
Jean Piaget
A branch of philosophy that studies what we are and what our purpose is. It is the study of reality and existence.
Metaphysics (Ontology is a subfield of this)
Suggested the distinction between a priori and a posteriori knowledge, including the perspective of 'transcendental idealism': knowledge is actively constructed from sense data according to reason (a priori synthetic knowledge)
Immanuel Kant
An intellectual and cultural movement that emerged in the late 17th century in Western Europe characterized by an emphasis on reason, empirical evidence, and the scientific method
Age of Enlightenment or Age of Reason
Developed idea of the mind as a tabula rasa (blank slate) at birth, with knowledge and personal identity shaped entirely by experience and consciousness. He is considered an early precursor to modern psychology due to his empiricist theory that all ideas come from sense perception
John Locke
The first professor of experimental psychology at the University of Cambridge and was influential in cognitive psychology, most notably his "War of the Ghosts" experiment which demonstrated the reconstructive nature of memory
Fredric Bartlett
A logical process of moving from a general principle to a specific conclusion
Deductive reasoning
A radical empiricist who divided mental states into impressions (feelings) and ideas (faint copies of impressions). He explained how we associate ideas using three principles of association: resemblance, contiguity, and cause and effect.
David Hume
Named after the influential philosopher, this period refers to the period in Greek philosophy that includes the contemporaries Plato and Aristotle
The Socratic period, also known as the Classical period of ancient Greek philosophy
This philosopher suggested two branches in psychology: empirical psychology (based on observation) and rational psychology (based on reason)
Christian Wolff
Considered the “father of cognitive psychology” and was an advocate for ecological approaches to cognitive research
Ulric Neisser
The philosophical standpoint that everything in the universe, including the mind and consciousness, is fundamentally physical
Materialism