Dysphagia
A patient who has not been on the SLP's caseload while at a long-term acute care setting begins complaining of GERD-like symptoms during and after every meal. The physician has asked the SLP to perform an evaluation, which comes back negative. After using instrumental assessment methods, it is discovered that the patient's lower esophageal sphincter is not functioning properly. Which of the following could potentially cause this patient's symptoms?
A. Pharyngeal weakness, including muscle atrophy.
B. A change in medication, including addition of steroids.
C. Lingual weakness, including fibrillation.
D. Zenker's diverticulum, including residue.
A change in medication, including addition of steroids.
A child is brought into an outpatient speech and language clinic by her parents, with a chief complaint of "trouble speaking". After administration of a comprehensive speech sound evaluation, the SLP reveals the following speech sound errors: /rin/for/rin/, /taet/for/kaet/ and /frod/for/frog. This child demonstrates difficulty producing sounds with which place of articulation?
A. Alveolars.
B. Bilabials.
C. Velars.
D. Interdentals.
Velars
Which muscle contributes to hyolaryngeal depression?
A. Stylohyoid.
B. Geniohyoid.
C. Mylohyoid.
D. Sternohyoid.
Sternohyoid
Barbara is a young child with a severe cognitive deficit. Barbara's SLP is beginning to formulate a treatment plan for intervention and would like to focus on the MOST functional treatment targets during intervention. What should be targeted during Barbara's intervention sessions?
A. Complex sentence structure.
B. Recreational vocabulary.
C. Phonological memory.
D. Joint attention skills.
Recreational vocabulary
Evaluation of a right-handed individual who had a left middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke that affected only the anterior portion of the left MCA territory will demonstrate:
A. Significant impairment of auditory comprehension and a right hemiparesis.
B. Visual agnosia and dysprosody.
C. Nonfluent aphasia with relative preservation of auditory comprehension and a right hemiparesis.
D. Severe dysphagia, but no aphasia.
nonfluent aphasia with relative preservation of auditory comprehension and a right hemiparesis.
Following a car accident, a patient that is being treated by a SLP exhibits weakness in the orbicularis oris and buccinator muscles. Which of the following problems would be the MOST LIKELY presentation of this patient's dysphagia?
A. Oral incontinence with anterior and lateral residue.
B. Pharyngeal delay with excessive residue.
C. Reduced opening of the upper esophageal sphincter.
D. Piecemeal deglutition with silent aspiration.
Oral incontinence with anterior and lateral residue.
A SLP is starting to work with a young child with a speech sound disorder. After reviewing the child's evaluation results, the SLP determines that the child is demonstrating errors in all word positions for the following phonemes: [l, t, g, n, v, w]. The SLP would like to utilize a treatment method that will simultaneously target the child's speech sound errors. Which intervention would this SLP MOST LIKELY implement?
A. Sensory-motor approach.
B. Integral stimulation.
C. Minimal pairs approach.
D. Multiple phoneme approach.
Multiple phoneme approach
Inspiration during quiet breathing involves contraction of the diaphragm that:
A. Increases the volume of the thoracic cavity and causes pressure in the lungs to increase.
B. Increases the volume to thoracic cavity and causes pressure in the lungs to decrease.
C. Decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity and causes pressure in the lungs to increase.
D. Decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity and causes pressure in the lungs to decrease.
Increases the volume to thoracic cavity and causes pressure in the lungs to decrease.
A young child is brought into a speech and language clinic by his parents, with primary complaints of "little language use". Upon initial evaluation, the SLP determines that the child communicates appropriately through use of gestures for requests for actions and objects, but uses little verbal language. What would be of the GREATEST BENEFIT in the next step in this child's treatment?
A. Expand the child's expressive syntax to include simple sentence structure.
B. Expand the child's expressive morphology to include plural markers.
C. Expand the child's receptive vocabulary to include more functional items.
D. Expand the child's repertoire to include vocalizations with gestures.
Expand the child's repertoire to include vocalizations with gestures.
Language assessment results for a person showed fluent verbal output with paraphasias and neologisms, as well as significant anomia. The individual also had great difficulty with comprehension. The person was able to repeat single words and sentences without error. Based on this scenario, the person would MOST LIKELY be diagnosed with:
A. Wernicke's aphasia.
B. Transcortical motor aphasia.
C. Conduction aphasia.
D. Transcortical sensory aphasia.
Transcortical sensory aphasia
After performing both beside evaluation and instrumental assessment on a patient, consulting SLPs have determined the primary feature of their patient's dysphagia is characterized by a weak swallow. In order to improve the swallow, the SLPs have determined that the best treatment approach is to have the patient engage in swallowing-based exercises using boluses, with a minimum of three different swallowing exercises in each session. Which of the following principles of neuroplasticity is NOT explicitly targeted in the clinician's description?
A. Use it or lose it.
B. Repetition matters.
C. Use it and improve it.
D. Age matters.
Age matters
Susie, a 5-year-old girl, is brought into a speech clinic for a full articulation and phonological evaluation, after being referred by her teacher. The SLP notices that she does not produce several "age-appropriate" phonemes. Which of the following is a phoneme that this child might have difficulty with producing, based on the given information?
A. /s/
B. /m/
C. /r/
D. /l/
/m/
A patient has recently sustained lower motor neuron damage to his/her trigeminal nerve (CN V) and is experiencing difficulty with mastication. Which of the following muscles could be experiencing deficits secondary to the nerve damage?
A. Thryoarytenoid
B. Masseter
C. Hyoglossus
D. Buccinator
Masseter
A high school student presents with weaknesses in word recognition and spelling and has deficits in phonological and orthographic processing. The student shows relative strengths in underlying language skills, with typically average or above average abilities in the areas of vocabulary, morphology, syntax and discourse. This pattern of strengths and weaknesses is MOST TYPICALLY associated with a diagnosis of:
A. Dyslexia.
B. Hyperlexia.
C. Language-learning disability.
D. Attention deficit disorder.
Dyslexia
Language assessment results for a person showed: nonfluent verbal output with significant agrammatism, with a co-occurring apraxia of speech. The individual had relatively preserved auditory comprehension, but difficulty with repetition of even single words. Based on this scenario, the type of aphasia the person would MOST LIKELY be diagnosed with is:
Brocha's aphasia
A SLP that works in a long-term acute care setting has received a physician request for a swallow evaluation. However, the only information that can be found in this patient's medical records regarding his/her swallowing status is that the patient was on a mechanical soft solid/thin liquid diet upon discharge from the acute care hospital. Which of the following consistencies is appropriate to bring into the beside swallow evaluation?
A. Pureed solids.
B. Mechanical soft solids.
C. Advanced soft solids.
D. All of the above.
All of the above
A SLP in private practice has been referred to work with a new client who recently moved into the area. After reviewing the client's transfer notes, the previous SLP has made comments that the client demonstrates significant difficulty with producing the "late eight sounds". Which of the following speech sounds would this child MOST LIKELY have difficulty producing?
A. /m/
B. /t/
C. /s/
D. /f/
/s/
A person places a hand on a hot surface and experiences the sensation of heat. The feeling of heat is conveyed up to the primary somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe. In order for this information to be received in this cortical area, it must first travel up the spinal column, via the:
A. Lateral corticospinal tract.
B. Anterior corticospinal tract.
C. Anterolateral system.
D. Posterior column-lemniscal system.
Anterolateral system
Jordan is an elementary school student with a language disorder that is demonstrating significant difficulties in the classroom. After talking with his teacher, Jordan reveals that he has a hard time following classroom activities with specific deficits in content vocabulary. Given that Jordan has difficulty with content vocabulary, he would present with difficulty with:
A. Vocabulary words that he has not yet learned.
B. Vocabulary words that are highly specific to his life.
C. Vocabulary words that allow him to follow classroom directions.
D. Vocabulary words specific to information in classroom assignments.
Vocabulary words specific to information in classroom assignments.
The language zone has been described as a key region of the brain that, when damaged, is likely to result in some degree of aphasia. One characteristic of the language zone is that:
A. It consists of two identical structures, found in each hemisphere.
B. It consists of key subcortical structures, including the basal ganglia and the thalamus.
C. It can be found on the dorsal portions of the frontal lobe.
D. It consists of portions of the frontal, temporal and parietal lobes.
It consists of portions of the frontal, temporal and parietal lobes.
A patient who exhibits reduced lip closure, reduced tongue grooving and reduced tongue-to-palate contact is MOST LIKELY experiencing a dysphagia in which phase of the swallow?
A. Esophageal phase.
B. Oral phase.
C. Oral preparatory phase.
D. Pharyngeal phase.
Oral phase
A SLP is working with a young child and suspects the child is unable to tell correct from incorrect productions of errored sounds. The SLP administers Locke's SPPT procedure to the child, and his suspicions are confirmed. Which of the following statements best describes this client?
A. The child demonstrates poor intelligibility
B. The child demonstrates poor perception
C. The child demonstrates poor phonation
D. The child demonstrates poor coarticulation
The child demonstrates poor perception
When forming the vowel /u/ in boot, which muscle MOST LIKELY contracts?
A. Orbicularis oris.
B. Levator labii superioris.
C. Zygomatic major.
D. Risorius.
Orbicularis oris.
A child and her mother are participating in a play evaluation with a SLP. At one point in the evaluation, the mother asks her child, "Did Mary eat the cookie?" to which the child responds "yes, Mary at the cookie". With which language structure does this child demonstrate difficulty?
A. Narrative.
B. Ellipsis.
C. Dialect.
D. Acknowledgement
Ellipsis
Pragmatic treatment approaches for aphasia often adhere to the principles of Promoting Aphasics' Communicative Effectiveness (PACE). Which of the following is a good example of the PACE principles?
A. Topics of conversation should be selected by the person with aphasia and should be personally relevant.
B. The person with aphasia should be encouraged to use spoken language expression when he/she communicates.
C. The conversational partner should avoid giving feedback to the person with aphasia about whether he/she understood the message or not.
D. The person with aphasia should dominate the conversation.
Topics of conversation should be selected by the person with aphasia and should be personally relevant.