Foundations & IEP
Describe Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA).
Title III of ADA prohibits discrimination of persons w disabilities in public accommodations- seeks to give access to people with disabilities participating in public activities. Business are required to comply with ADA standards (e.g., ramps, hallways, restrooms, etc.)
Define Systematic Instruction
KNOW YOUR STUDENTS!!!
Present Levels (PLAAFP), Goals & Objectives, IEP
Use data to inform instructional decisions!
Plan response prompting and fading systems and strive for errorless learning:
•simultaneous prompting
•time delay
•system of least prompts
•most-to-least intrusive prompts (graduated guidance)
...means significantly sub-average general intellectual functioning, existing concurrently [at the same time] with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance.
Intellectual Disability
Ethical codes, professional standards, and law show agreement that, with the exception of urgent situations, this should be obtained prior to the provision of school psychological services.
What is informed consent
List the seven steps to the IEP process
1) Present Levels of Educational and Functioning Performance (PLAAFP)
2) Measurable Annual Goals
3) Progress Reports (report progress at least as frequent as "GenEd report cards")
4) IEP Services (Special Education Services, Supplementary Aids & Services, Related Services)
5) Least Restrictive Environment
6) Accommodations for State & District Assessment (Alternative Assessment?)
7) Transition Plan (Education, Training, Employment, Independent Living, Transfer of rights at age of majority)
Explain when a school system is legally responsible to conduct and Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA)
Define "Specific Learning Disability Eligibility
Specific learning disability — General. Specific learning disability means a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, that may manifest itself in the imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or to do mathematical calculations, including conditions such as perceptual disabilities, brain injury, minimal brain dysfunction, dyslexia, and developmental aphasia.
•Dyslexia
•Dysgraphia
•Dyscalculia
•Auditory processing disorder
•Nonverbal learning disability
This device is any item, piece of equipment, or product system, whether commercially off the shelf, modified, or customized, that is used to increase, maintain , or improve the functional capabilities of a child with a disability.
Assistive technology
Describe the “Child Find” Law as it applies to public schools
“Child Find” is part of IDEA and states that schools are legally required to find children who have disabilities and need special education and other services. ALL school systems must have processes for identifying children with disabilities from birth to age 21. Children who are home schooled and children in private school are also covered by the child find law. Infants and toddlers can be identified and provided with services and parents can have the right tools in place to meet their children’s needs.
Define and describe how achievement tests are used to identify students with learning disabilities.
Tests of achievement (reading, math, written expression) helps IEP teams gather data to see if there is a discrepancy between the student’s achievement compared to same-aged peers and a discrepancy between their cognitive ability and academic achievement
Describe the 3 characteristics/ categories to assess in children with Autism
Autism is a “Spectrum Disorder” (ASD) which means the characteristics of the disability vary depending upon the student. However, there are 3 core areas to look at in ASD 1) Communication 2) Social 3) Restricted Interests & Repetitive Behaviors
Based on Tarasoff I court decision, "Psychologists disclose confidential information information without the consent of the individual only as mandatedby law, or where permitted by law for a valid purpose, such as to ... protect the client/ patient, psychologist, or others from harm.
What is Duty to Protect?
Explain the process of Manifestation Determination.
Manifestation Determination is the process defended by IDEA: when a student with a disability needs to be removed from school for disciplinary action (suspension, expulsion) an IEP team must first rule out that the student’s disability contributed to the behavioral infraction leading to disciplinary action by the school. Did the student’s behavior result from a “manifestation” of the student’s disability?
Describe what the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale assesses and how it is useful for students with disabilities.
The VABS measures social skills of children and adults. “Adaptive behavior” refers to skills needed for day-today activities and independent living. Especially useful for transition planning.
…means a condition exhibiting one or more of the following characteristics over a long period of time and to a marked degree that adversely affects a child’s educational performance: (a) An inability to learn that cannot be explained by intellectual, sensory, or health factors. (b) An inability to build or maintain satisfactory interpersonal relationships with peers and teachers. (c) Inappropriate types of behavior or feelings under normal circumstances. (d) A general pervasive mood of unhappiness or depression. (e) A tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears associated with personal or school problems. The term includes schizophrenia.
Serious Emotional Disability
Define and describe prenatal, perinatal, and neonatal disabilities
Prenatal, perinatal, and neonatal risk factors can be genetic or environmental. These risk factors can contribute to intellectual disabilities. Prenatal (before delivery) factors included genetic syndromes (Down Syndrome), brain malformation, maternal disease, and environmental influences. Drugs, alcohol, and/or poison exposure can affect and unborn child. Perinatal (during delivery) risk factors include labor delivery trauma or anoxia (lack of oxygen to the brain) at birth. Neonatal (post-birth) risk factors include hypoxia ischemia injury (brain injury), traumatic brain injury, infections, seizure disorders, and toxic metabolic syndromes.
Compare and contrast IEP vs 504 plan
When physical disabilities do NOT affect a student’s academic progress (no educational impact of the disability) then the student can receive related services (e.g., occupational, and physical therapy) as part of a 504 plan.
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act is about "education"
•Special education services act
•13 eligibility categories of IDEA
•“educational impact”
•specialized instruction
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, 1973 is about "accessibility"
•Accommodations act
•Broader definition of “disability”
•Environmental supports and accommodations (ramps, hallways space, restroom space)
This test initiated the modern field of intelligence testing and was one of the first examples of an adaptive test. The test originated in France, then was revised in the United States. This test is a standardized test that assesses IQ and cognitive abilities in children and adults aged two to 23. Moreover, this test is designed to test intelligence in four areas including verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, abstract and visual reasoning, and short-term memory skills. This test also scores 15 sub tests including vocabulary, comprehension, verbal absurdities, pattern analysis, matrices, paper folding and cutting, copying, quantitative, number series, equation building, memory for sentences, memory for digits, memory for objects, and bead memory.
What is the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test.
…means having limited strength, vitality, or alertness, including a heightened alertness to environmental stimuli, that results in limited alertness with respect to the educational environment, that— (a) is due to chronic or acute health problems such as asthma, attention deficit disorder or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, diabetes, epilepsy, a heart condition, hemophilia, lead poisoning, leukemia, nephritis, rheumatic fever, sickle cell anemia, and Tourette syndrome.
Other Health Impairment
Explain the characteristics and implications of dyslexia and dysgraphia disorders.
Dyslexia and Dysgraphia are “Specific Learning Disabilities (SLD). Dyslexia is a permeant condition that makes it difficult for people to read. Children with dyslexia often have difficulties with phonemic awareness skills and decoding. Dysgraphia is a disorder that causes issues with written expression. Children with dysgraphia often struggle with holding pencils and writing letters accurately. It is difficult for students with dysgraphia to distinguish shapes, use correct letter spacing, read maps, copy text, and understand spelling rules.