Greece
Why did the Ancient Greece establish city-states?
to protect themselves from invaders
How did Rome's republic work?
citizens elected leaders to make laws
as the eastern Roman empire
Why was the Roman Catholic Church so important in Europe during the Middle Age?
united people at a time of political disunity
How did humanists gain an understanding of the humanities during the Renaissance?
studying works of ancient Greece & Rome
Why was the government of ancient Athens so important?
it was the world's first democracy
Why are the works of Roman architects and engineers considered to be such great achievements?
many Roman structures still stand and are in use today
How was the emperor of the eastern Roman Empire more powerful than the emperor of the western Roman Empire?
head of the church and the empire
How did the manor system work in Europe during the Middle Ages?
workers farmed fields of lord in exchange for protection of lord
What is an effect of Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses?
What was an important affect of Alexander the Great's rule?
Greek culture spread to Egypt and parts of Asia
Why did Roman persecution of Christians end?
the emperor Constantine converted to Christianity
How did the Byzantine express their devotion to the Christian Church?
creating beautiful mosaics & churches
Why was Magna Carta so important?
it stated that law, not king, was supreme power in England
What was a belief of humanists?
humans were capable of great things
How did the culture of early Greece spread beyond Greece?
- different Greek city-states establish colonies
- city-states traded goods & shared ideas w/ colonies
What are some reasons for the decline of the Roman Empire?
poor government
barbarian invasions
too much territory to control
What are two contributions Justinian made to the eastern Roman Empire?
- preserved & simplified Roman law under Justinian's Code --> guarantee fairer treatment of all
- ordered construction of beautiful public buildings & churches --> make Constantinople the grand capital
What were some causes and effects of the Crusades?
- Turkish Muslims capturing Holy Land & attacking European pilgrims
- Byzantine emperor asked Pope Urban II to help fight Turks
- establishment of trade routes b/w Europe & Asia
- introduction of Islamic achievements in maths, science, other subjects to Europe
What were effects of the Protestant Reformation?
- new churches started
- religious wars
- Catholic Church reformed itself
- many European regions became Protestant
How was Hellenistic culture different from Greek culture?
Hellenistic culture blended Greek culture w/ cultures of Egypt & parts of Asia
Why was it necessary for Roman citizens to be active in their republic?
- needed to be active in gov't in order for republic to succeed
- needed to run for office
- those not running for office needed to debate issue & vote so republic can function properly
How was society in the Byzantine Empire similar to and different from society in the Roman Empire?
- Byzantine & Roman Empire both used Roman legal system
- people in Byzantine Empire spoke Greek & studied Greek philosophy
-people in Roman Empire spoke Latin & studied Roman philosophy
What role did land and military service play in the relationships of kings, nobles, and knights under feudalism?
- kings owned all land in most kingdoms
- kings gave parts of land to nobles
- nobles gave parts of land to knights who promised to defend lands of noble & king through military servcie
How did Renaissance artists apply humanism through their art?
- believed people were capable of great things
- valued achievements of individuals
- tried to show people's unique personalities through paintings & sculptures
What are some examples of Greek achievements in government, literature, philosophy, and science?
- developed world's 1st democracy
- wrote myths to teach lesson about life
- told stories of heroes & adventures
- thought about how people could be happy
- studied people to learn how the body works
What was Pax Romana? What was achieved during this time?
- great architecture -->roads, buildings, bridges, etc.
- trade increased
How was Christianity in the Byzantine Empire different from Christianity in western Europe?
- religious services performed in Greek in Byzantine Empire
- priest could marry in Byzantine Empire
- services performed in Latin in western Europe
- priests could not marry in western Europe
What are two effects of the Black Death?
- death of 1/3 of Europe's people
- caused labour shortage resulting in workers' demanding higher wages
How were the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Reformation similar & different?
- leaders of both wanted to reform Roman Catholic Church
- Protestant Reformation resulted in people leaving Catholic Church
- Catholic Reformation resulted in people staying in Catholic Church