Cell your soul
Define tissue. (2)
A group
similar cells/cells of the same type
What are the elements that make up protein? (1)
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen (and sulphur)
Name 2 excretory organs and what they excrete. (2)
Any two correct ones:
Lungs (1) CO2/water (1)
Skin (1) Urea/water/salts (1)
Kidney (1) Urea (1)
Liver (1) Urea (1)
Name the 2 muscles involved in breathing. (2)
Diaphragm (1)
(External) Intercostal muscles (1)
Name 3 materials transported by the plasma. (3)
Any three:
CO2
Glucose
Amino acids
Heat
Hormones
Urea
What is the name of the process of a cell becoming adapted for its function? (1)
Differentiation.
A student wants to know whether a food contains simple sugars. Describe a test they can do to test this. (3)
Any 3:
Benedict's test/Benedict's reagent
Add benedict's reagent to food sample
Heat it
Positive colours --> Green/Yellow/Orange/Red
Which part of the nephron has a lot of mitochondria? Why? (2)
Proximal convoluted tubule (1)
Reabsorption of glucose (1)
Active transport (1)
What is the equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast? (1)
C6H12O6 --> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
Glucose --> Ethanol + Carbon dioxide
Which type of white blood cell is involved in specific immunity? (1)
Lymphocyte
What are 3 adaptations of a neurone? (3)
Long axon - carries information across long distances (from one point to another)
Myelin Sheath with nodes of ranvier/fatty layer - helps speed electrical impulses
Has dendrites - allows it to connect to other nerves
What is the function of bile? (3)
Any 3:
Reject enzyme
Emulsification (1)
Break fat into smaller lipid droplets (1)
Alkaline (1)
Neutralize acidic food/optimum pH for enzymes in duodenum (1)
Explain what happens at the bowman's capsule. (3)
Three of the following mentioned:
Glomerulus (1)
Small vessels and high pressure (1)
Ultrafiltration (1)
Filtrate (1)
urea/glucose/water/salts (1)
How is the alveoli adapted for gas exchange? (4)
Walls are one cell thick/Short diffusion distance (1)
Good ventilation (1)
Good blood supply (1)
Moist (1)
Large surface area (1)
Why did P'Sareena's heartrate continue to be high for a long time even after she has stopped running up the escalators at Newton this morning? (3)
Unfit (1)
Anaerobic respiration (1)
Lactic acid (1)
Oxygen debt (1)
Repay debt/send more oxygen to muscles (1)
Explain 2 adaptations of xylem. (4)
Xylem:
No end plates/hollow -> more space
Lignified cell walls -> can withstand pressure
+ Others with explanations
Apart from the major food groups, explain what else is required but in smaller amounts and why. (4)
Any 2 (with correct combinations)
Vitamins:
A (1)
Vision (1)
B (1)
Nerves (1)
C (1)
Scurvy (1)
D (1)
Rickets (1)
Iron (1)
Anemia (1)
Calcium (1)
Bones/Osteoporosis (1)
How and why would a dessert animal's loop of Henle differ from yours? (3)
Longer (1)
More sweat (1)
More water loss through skin (1)
More water reabsorped (into blood) (1)
Low urine volume (1)
Explain how long-term smoking can cause an individual to become breathless and easily tired. (5)
Need to mention low respiration rate as a result of any four of the following:
Carbon monoxide (1)
Carboxyhemoglobin (1)
Lower oxygen carrying ability (1)
Tar (1)
Stimulate overproduction of mucus (1)
Goblet cells (1)
Paralysed cilia (1)
Blocked airways (1)
Frequent infection (1)
Chronic bronchitis (1)
Emphysema/damaged alveoli (1)
Blood flows back into atria (1)
Low blood to lungs /pulmonary artery (1)
Less oxygenated blood (1)
Low blood to body/aorta (1)
Less blood to body (1)
Low respiration (1)
Low energy (1)
Explain the steps involved in using a patient's own stem cells to create new organs. (5)
(Any 5 of the following)
1. Donor Egg
2. Enucleation
3. Cell from patient
4. Nucleus from patient cell implanted into egg cell
5. Electrically triggered
6. Mitosis
7. Differentiate into desired organ
Any 2 (correct combination)
Microvilli (1) Surface area (1)
Lacteal (1) Glycerol and fatty acids (1)
Capillaries (1) Sugars/amino acids (1)
One cell thick walls (1)Short diffusion distance (1)
When you drink too much water, you pee more. Explain what is happening in the body that results in more urine. (5)
Pituitary gland (1)
LESS ADH (1)
Collecting duct (1)
Less permeable (1)
Less water reabsorped (into blood) (1)
Large urine volume goes to bladder (1)
Urine is more dilute (1)
Explain what occurs during exhalation (5)
Any 5:
Diaphragm relaxes (1)
Thorax pushed up (1)
External Intercostal muscles relax (1)
Ribs up and out (1)
Volume decreases (1)
Pressure increases (1)
Explain why it is important to get a flu shot every year. (4)
Any four:
(high) mutation rates (1)Antigen will change (1)
Body will not recognize (1)
Body will produce new antibodies (1)
Body will make new memory cells (1)
Secondary immune response (1)