Pre-AP World Final Review

Unit 1 Checkpoint 1

Unit 1 Checkpoint 2

Unit 2 Checkpoint 1

Unit 2 Checkpoint 2

Unit 3 Checkpoint 1

Unit 3 Checkpoint 2

Unit 4 Checkpoint 1

100

Map 1: PERCENT POPULATION RESIDING IN URBAN AREAS BY COUNTY, 2010

Map 2: PERCENT INCREASE/DECREASE IN POPULATION DENSITY, 1930-2000

Counties in Map 2 with the highest percentage increase in population are located in which areas of Map 1?

A The northern border with Canada

B The southern border with Mexico

C Areas that have more than 80 percent of the population living in urban areas

D Areas that have less than 50 percent of the population living in urban areas

Answer C

This is the best answer. The maps clearly show the direct relationship between the increase in population density, or the number of people per unit of area, and the percentage of the population living in urban centers. The areas of Map 2 that show more than 1,000 percent increase in density are located in areas of Map 1 that contain an urban population greater than 80 percent.

100

Source 2: Louisiana’s Wetlands

Source: John Tibbetts, science writer, academic article, 2006.

Most of New Orleans is below sea level. South Louisiana’s coastal wetlands, which once helped buffer the city from giant storms, have been disappearing at a swift pace. Now some researchers are calling for restoration of wetlands and barrier islands to help protect New Orleans.

An average of 34 square miles of South Louisiana land, mostly marsh, has disappeared each year for the past five decades, according to the U.S. Geological Survey.

The vast watershed of the Mississippi River sends sediment-rich runoff to the Gulf of Mexico, where great floods periodically burst over the riverbanks, allowing huge quantities of silt to settle and nourish wetlands.

The city of New Orleans drained surrounding wetlands to prevent disease and encourage development. The city eliminated swamps following mosquito-borne yellow fever epidemics that killed 40,000 residents between 1817 and 1905.

New Orleans also continually built higher and stronger levees to contain river flooding.

Today, South Louisiana is one of the most intensively engineered places in the nation. Walled off from the floodplains, the river can no longer provide enough silt to the delta to keep up with natural [erosion] and sea level rise.

Source 2 best supports which statement about human adaptations to the environment?

A Humans modify water systems, which affects ecology and biodiversity.

B Humans move plants and pathogens, which changes physical landscapes.

C Humans experience natural resource scarcity, which caused them to initiate trade.

D Humans improve their agricultural practices, which results in changes to the land.

Answer A

This is the best answer. The passage shows that efforts to modify and control water resources have had complex effects on ecology and biodiversity. It discusses how engineering the Mississippi River has limited flooding, decreased wetlands, and influenced the animals and pathogens that live in the Louisiana wetlands.

100

Image 1: Painting by the Native Nahua Showing the Ruler of Tlaxcala (a pre-Columbian State in Central Mexico) Presenting Gifts of Sweet Corn (Maize), Birds, and Other Vegetables to the Spanish Explorer and General Hernán Cortés, c. 1550

Image 2: Christopher Columbus, Shown on Horseback Carrying Cartographic Tools, From the Illustrated Codex “History of Tlaxcala” Produced by Diego Muñoz Camargo, c. 1585

Diego Muñoz Camargo was of mixed Spanish-Native American descent.

The gifts presented to Cortés in Image 1 are best understood in the context of the

A Protestant Reformation.

B Atlantic trade in enslaved persons.

C Columbian Exchange.

D growth of joint-stock companies.

Answer C

This is the best answer. The image shows animals and items from the Americas being given to Cortés, a European, and thereby shows an exchange of goods from one continent to another.

100

Letter to Nicolaus Copernicus written by Nicholas Schönberg, cardinal of Capua, 1536.

Some years ago, I learned about your reputation and knowledge. For I had learned that you had not merely mastered the discoveries of the ancient astronomers uncommonly well but had also formulated a new cosmology. In it, you maintain that the earth moves; that the sun occupies the lowest, and thus the central, place in the universe; and that, together with the moon, the earth revolves around the sun in the period of a year. I have also learned that you have written an exposition of this whole system of astronomy and have computed the planetary motions and set them down in tables, to the greatest admiration of all.

Most learned sir, I ask you with utmost earnestness to communicate this discovery of yours to scholars unless it is an inconvenience. At the earliest possible moment, please send me your writings on the sphere of the universe together with the tables and whatever else you have that is relevant to this subject. If you answer my request, you will see that you are dealing with a man who is excited and eager to do justice to so fine a talent. Farewell.

Which choice best describes the author’s attitude toward Copernicus?

A. He feels respect for Copernicus because of the significance of his research.

B. He is concerned that Copernicus is becoming too influential.

C. He feels guilty for not supporting Copernicus’ work sooner.

D. He is angry with Copernicus for sharing ideas not supported by the Catholic Church.

Answer A

This is the best answer. The author addresses Copernicus with respect and expresses great interest in viewing his work because of his discovery of a “new cosmology,” which has been received “to the greatest admiration of all.” In the last paragraph, the author asks “with utmost earnestness” for Copernicus to share his “writings on the sphere of the universe.” In the last sentence of the passage, the author further states he is “excited and eager to do justice to so fine a talent.”

100

Peter Stearns, historian, The Industrial Revolution in World History, book published in 2013.

The industrial revolution was a global process from the [start]. It resulted from changes that had been occurring in global economic relations. Then it redefined those relations still further. . . .

The essence of the industrial revolution . . . was fairly simple. The industrial revolution consisted of the application of new sources of power to the production process. [It] achieved [this] with the equipment necessary to apply this power to manufacturing. And it consisted of an increased scale in human organization [and] coordination at levels preindustrial groups had rarely [imagined].

The industrial revolution progressively replaced humans and animals as the power sources of production with motors powered by fossil fuels. . . . The key invention was the steam engine, which harnessed the energy potential of coal. . . . Before the industrial revolution, almost all production in manufacturing and agriculture relied on equipment powered by people or draft animals, with some small assistance from waterwheels.

Which environmental change was the most direct result of the revolution described in the passage?

A. Greater exploitation of natural resources through resource extraction

B. A decrease in urban populations as workers moved to the countryside

C. Improvements in the quality of air and water in urban areas

D. An increase in the number of famines as food production declined

Answer A

This is the best answer. The changing sources of power and the greater productivity made possible by industrialization led to greater demand for and extraction of natural resources such as coal, iron, and timber.

100

Essay written by the Japanese foreign minister Inoue Kaoru, published in the late 1880s.

We have to establish a new European-style empire in the Pacific. How can we impress upon the minds of our thirty-eight million people this daring European spirit and attitude of independence and self-government? In my opinion, the only course is to have them engage with Europeans. Then they will personally feel Japan’s weakness compared to the West and understand Western vigorousness. I consider that the way to do this is to provide truly free communication between Japanese and foreigners. Only thus can our empire achieve a position equal to that of the Western countries with respect to treaties. Only thus can our empire be truly independent, prosperous, and powerful.

The author’s desire to strengthen Japan best illustrates which of the following nineteenth-century ideologies?

A, Communism

B Liberalism

C Nationalism

D Socialism

Answer C

This is the best answer. The author emphasizes that the goal of engagement with Europeans should be to make Japan “independent, prosperous, and powerful,” a sentiment that is most consistent with nationalist values.

200

Map 1: PERCENT POPULATION RESIDING IN URBAN AREAS BY COUNTY, 2010

Map 2: PERCENT INCREASE/DECREASE IN POPULATION DENSITY, 1930-2000

Which regional pair is most similar according to the change in population density shown in Map 2?

A Western Texas and Alaska

B The southern Gulf Coast and northern Maine

C The northwestern and northeastern United States

D Southern California and southern Florida

Answer D

This is the best answer. Both southern California and southern Florida experienced significant population growth, with some counties increasing in density by more than 5,000 percent.

200

A Mainland Southeast Asia is an arid region with large deserts.

B The large rivers in Southeast Asia originate in a single mountainous region.

C It is difficult to access the ocean from most regions of Southeast Asia.

D Most mountainous regions in Southeast Asia are along the coasts.

Answer B

This is the best answer. The map shows multiple major rivers that begin in the mountainous region in southern China and northern parts of Southeast Asia and flow toward the Indian Ocean and South China Sea.

200

Image 2: Christopher Columbus, Shown on Horseback Carrying Cartographic Tools, From the Illustrated Codex “History of Tlaxcala” Produced by Diego Muñoz Camargo, c. 1585

Diego Muñoz Camargo was of mixed Spanish-Native American descent.

Both images provide evidence that supports which conclusion about the Early Modern Period?

A Horses and metal technologies gave Europeans military advantages over the peoples of the Americas.

B Diseases from Afro-Eurasia caused significant declines in indigenous populations in the Americas.

C Catholic priests often attempted to convert indigenous populations to Christianity.

D Europeans relied on new navigation technologies to cross the Atlantic Ocean.

Answer A

This is the best answer. Both images show Europeans possessing horses and metal armor and metal weapons, which were technological advantages that indigenous people did not have.

200

Letter to Nicolaus Copernicus written by Nicholas Schönberg, cardinal of Capua, 1536.

The first paragraph suggests that scientific discoveries during the Scientific Revolution were influenced by

A. new economic theories regarding finance and currency.

B. the ideals of the Protestant Reformation.

C. engagement with Greek, Roman, and Islamic scholarship.

D. the spread of literature from India and East Asia.

Answer C

This is the best answer. Scientific discoveries during the Scientific Revolution often came from European engagement with Islamic scholarship on ancient and classical Greek and Roman sources as well as those from the Postclassical Period. The passage shows this development in the second sentence, when the author states that Copernicus had formed a “new cosmology” based on his mastery of “ancient astronomers.”

200

Peter Stearns, historian, The Industrial Revolution in World History, book published in 2013.

The industrial revolution was a global process from the [start]. It resulted from changes that had been occurring in global economic relations. Then it redefined those relations still further. . . .

The revolution described in the passage most directly led to which economic change?

A. The establishment of the first overseas colonies by European states

B. Laborers working within large factories supervised by centralized management

C. Considerably greater social mobility for working-class families

D. The increased availability of goods made by hand

Answer B

This is the best answer. A characteristic feature of the Industrial Revolution was the factory system, in which large numbers of laborers had highly specialized duties and were directed and supervised by centralized management.

200

Graph Showing the Number of Migrants Going to Southeast Asia and the Americas from 1846 to 1915

Source: Adapted from Adam McKeown, “Global Migration, 1846–1940.” Journal of World History 15:2 (2004): 155-89.

The graph provides the best evidence for which change in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

A. The fragmentation of Asian empires

B. Long-term population growth in North America

C. Shifts in labor patterns in Middle Eastern nations

D. The colonization of Africa by European states

Answer B

This is the best answer. The graph shows the trend of an increase in global migrations, especially to the Americas, and thus provides evidence for significant long-term population growth in North America.

300

Map 1: PARIS, 1771

Map 2: PARIS, 2011

Map 2 is adapted from “Paris Île de la Cité 2011” in Wikimedia Commons.

Which choice is most likely to have contributed to the spatial reorganization depicted in these maps?

A. Demographic changes resulting from the increase of international migrants moving to Paris

B Demographic changes resulting from the increase of birth rates in Paris

C Political changes resulting from the growing role and scope of French government.

D Political changes resulting from the growing role of religion in French government

Answer C

This is the best answer. The maps show that much more space was utilized for government buildings in 2011 than in 1771. This implies that the significant growth of the French national government likely contributed to the change in spatial organization of this region over time.

300

Source 1: PHOTOGRAPH OF PANAMA CANAL CONSTRUCTION

Steam shovel excavating and loading dump cars in the Culebra Cut section of the Panama Canal, December 1904.

Alamy Stock Photo. “Panama Canal construction track 1907.”

Source 2: MAP OF PANAMA CANAL

As shown in Source 1, the Panama Canal is an example of how humans have modified the physical environment because

A workers from across the Caribbean were employed to build the canal.

B the canal changed the climate from tropical to temperate.

C workers removed earth to create the canal.

D the canal influenced economic activity by allowing more Americans to visit Panama.

Answer C

This is the best answer. The photograph in Source 1 shows the construction of the Panama Canal. It shows mining and moving large amounts of land required to dig the Panama Canal between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Moving earth to create the canal altered the physical environment.

300

Book on Islamic empires in the Early Modern Period written by Douglas E. Streusand, a military historian, and published in 2018.

To a world historian, [the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires] were among the most powerful and influential [states] in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. . . . They dominated much of the environment that Europeans encountered in their first era of exploration and expansion. . . . [T]he empires offer an example of the evolution of new political doctrines, institutions, and practices in response to continuing challenges. . . . They were among the first to use firearms effectively.

No Muslim dynasty since the Abbasids had such legitimacy from such diverse populations. The Ottomans and Mughals succeeded in winning legitimacy from populations with non-Muslim majorities. [The Safavids] won . . . recognition from the Ottomans and Mughals as equals as well as lasting legitimacy in their own territory.

Which development in the Ottoman and Mughal empires in the Early Modern Period best supports the author’s claim in the second sentence of the second paragraph?

A. Rulers in both empires adopted policies of limited religious toleration.

B Religious elites in both empires adopted Shi‘a Islam but protected Sunni Muslims.

C Non-Muslims frequently became emperors in both empires.

D Sufis often succeeded in converting non-Muslims to Islam.

Answer A

This is the best answer. Non-Muslim populations in the Ottoman and Mughal empires often saw the Ottomans and Mughals as legitimate rulers because rulers in both states granted limited religious freedom to non-Muslims. Non-Muslims could practice their religion freely and maintain their own traditional religious laws and customs. In exchange, non-Muslims in both empires had to follow various restrictions that made them subordinate to, or lower than, Muslims politically, legally, economically, and culturally.

300

The Qianlong Emperor [ruled 1735–1796] was the first Manchu ruler to feel completely at ease with both his Manchu and his Chinese identities. He also began to conceive of himself as a “universal ruler.” Qianlong deliberately represented himself differently to each of the various constituents that formed his extensive, multiethnic empire. To the Tibetans, for example, Qianlong portrayed himself as a reincarnation of one of the most important bodhisattvas [holy figures] of Tibetan Buddhism. For the Mongols he took on the role of a steppe prince who understood their steppe traditions. To the Han Chinese he portrayed himself as a scholar and great patron of Chinese learning and art.

Interestingly, Qianlong saw himself as the emperor of not only the Han Chinese, the Manchus, and all the other ethnic groups in his empire, but also all beyond the empire. Thus, the contingent of Jesuit missionaries who came to China . . . were often incorporated into the activities of the Qianlong Emperor’s court and deemed to be proper subjects of the “Universal Monarch.”

The scholarship and learning mentioned in the last sentence of the first paragraph refers to

A. the influence of Western science and education at the Chinese court.

B. the continuing importance of Confucianism.

C. the spread of Buddhism in China.

D. the role of the emperor as a Shinto deity.

Answer B

This is the best answer. The authors of the passage describe the Qianlong emperor’s efforts to portray himself “as a scholar and great patron of Chinese learning and art.” These reflect Confucian principles of scholarship and good governance, which had been important in China since the Classical Period.

300

Claim: The Industrial Revolution introduced new forms of energy to manufacturing processes.
Evidence: “The industrial revolution progressively replaced humans and animals as the power sources of production with motors powered by fossil fuels.”

300

Graph Showing the Number of Migrants Going to Southeast Asia and the Americas from 1846 to 1915

Source: Adapted from Adam McKeown, “Global Migration, 1846–1940.” Journal of World History 15:2 (2004): 155-89.

Which technological innovation most directly contributed to the migration patterns illustrated in the graph?

A. Steam engines, which lowered the cost of transport

B. Sanitation improvements, which increased urban life expectancy

C. New European military technologies, which expanded imperialism in Africa

D. Electricity, which improved efficiency in manufacturing

Answer A

This is the best answer. The development of efficient steam engines for railroad locomotives and steamships contributed to the mass migration of Europeans to the Americas and the global movement of East Asian and South Asian indentured servants.

400

Map 1: PARIS, 1771

Map 2: PARIS, 2011

Map 2 is adapted from “Paris Île de la Cité 2011” in Wikimedia Commons.

Based on both maps, which statement best describes the spatial reorganization this area of Paris experienced between 1771 and 2011?

A. Paris was reorganized to include more residential housing for population growth.

B Paris was reorganized to reduce the number of parks and open spaces.

C Most of the area in the southern portion of Paris was reorganized for a new purpose.

D Most of the area on the island in the Seine was reorganized for a new purpose.

Answer D

This is the best answer. The island in the middle of the river changed from mostly residential areas, where people lived, in 1771 to mostly government buildings and green spaces in 2011.

400

A While the Russian Federation has the highest per-person emissions of the three countries, it produces lower annual emissions because its population is the smallest.

B While China has the largest annual emissions in 2015, its per-person emissions, when calculated using China’s large population, were the smallest.

C China has the highest per-person emissions, which is a result of having the largest population of the three countries.

D The Russian Federation has the lowest per-person emissions, which is a result of having a smaller population than the other two countries.

Answer B

This is the best answer. China has a very large population of 1.37 billion people. Therefore, even though it has high total emissions, on a per-person basis its emissions are still lower than countries with smaller populations, such as the United States.

400

Daily shipping log from the Dutch East India Company headquarters in Asia at Batavia (present-day Jakarta), Indonesia, 1624.

On Wednesday, January 31, the three ships, Leiden, Thonen, and Delft, departed from Batavia toward the Netherlands, commanded by Frederick Houtman, governor of the Dutch East India Company headquarters in Asia, with a total of 318 men aboard.

The primary contents were pepper, nutmeg,* mace,* and diamonds. The specific contents for each ship included:

*Nutmeg and mace were two of the main spices found in the eastern islands of Indonesia.

Which conclusion is most directly supported by the shipping log?

A The Dutch operated large diamond mines in China.

B Dutch trade in Asia was conducted on a small scale by individual merchants.

C Spices were significant goods acquired by the Dutch in Asia.

D Europeans manufactured large amounts of cloth in Asia.

Answer C

This is the best answer. The shipping log shows that the Dutch ships mostly carried Asian spices to the Netherlands.

400

The spread of Catholicism throughout Central and South America in the sixteenth century was most directly the result of

A the growth of the global Spanish silver trade.

B increased rivalries between Catholic colonial powers in the Americas.

C. the creation of extractive plantation economies.

D increased missionary activity by the Catholic Church in response to the Reformation.

Answer D

This is the best answer. Following the Protestant Reformation and the European discovery of the Americas, the Catholic Church began to look for converts in the Americas and other regions in an effort to compete with Protestantism and prevent its spread outside of Europe. The Catholic Church sent many missionaries to the Americas, resulting in a large number of Amerindian converts throughout the sixteenth century.

400

Source: Mary Wollstonecraft, British writer, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 1792

I firmly believe that most female follies proceed from the tyranny of men. Female cunning is produced by oppression.

Asserting the rights which women in common with men ought to contend for, I have not attempted to excuse women’s faults. I seek to prove them to be the natural consequence of their current education and station in society. If so, it is reasonable to suppose that they will change their character, and correct their vices and follies, when they are allowed to be free in a physical, moral, and civil sense.

Let woman share the rights and she will imitate the virtues of man, for she must either grow more perfect when emancipated or justify the authority that chains such a weak being to her duty.

Wollstonecraft’s appeal was strongly inspired by which political development?

A. A period of religious reform that challenged the authority of established Christian churches

B. The formulation of the idea of absolute monarchy

C. Increasing demands for voting rights by members of the industrial working class

D. A series of revolutions that successfully overthrew existing authorities

Answer D

This is the best answer. Wollstonecraft wrote her appeal after the American Revolution had successfully challenged British rule while calling for liberty and natural rights and after the French Revolution had ended monarchical rule in France while demanding popular sovereignty. These movements inspired her to seek a similar revolution in the position of women in European society

400

Directions: Questions 7–9 are based on the passage below. Examine the passage, and then choose the best answer to each question.

Book by Sean McMeekin, United States historian of the Middle East, The Ottoman Endgame: War, Revolution, and the Making of the Modern Middle East, 2015

The position of the new Young Turk1 regime remained precarious. Martial law was hardly an encouraging slogan for a new era of popular government. . . . The Young Turk leader Enver Bey promised that Ottoman citizens would all be “fellow patriots who knew no distinction of race or creed.” Yet by emphasizing the rights of religious minorities, Enver was implicitly conceding that the Young Turks did not believe in Sharia law [Islamic law]. After the violent overthrow of the Sultan, it appeared to many pious Muslims that the Young Turks were not Muslims at all.

[However, once they were in power] the Young Turks gradually abandoned their [progressive beliefs]. In the years after their takeover in 1909 they began to make their peace with the majority Muslims of the land they now ruled. Within a few years, Young Turk leaders were speaking openly of [maintaining] Sharia law.

In addition to the type of reforms mentioned in the passage, movements such as the Young Turks were primarily concerned with

A. acquisition of overseas colonies.

B. creation of syncretic religions.

C. modernization of the military.

D. preservation of aristocratic privileges.

Answer C

This is the best answer. Leaders of national reform movements such as the Young Turks realized that European powers’ ability to seize control of overseas territories was largely a result of their superior military organization and technology. Thus, reform movements prioritized military modernization as the key to preserving their independence.

500

Source 1: Image of Cape Town, South Africa, 2022

Source 2: Transportation Network and Elevation of Cape Town, South Africa, 2022

Use both sources to complete the following sentences.

Source 1 can best be used to

Source 2 can best be used to

Source 1 can best be used to Understand the Natural Site and Situation of Cape Town

Source 2 can best be used to Plan Urban Infrastructure Project in Cape Town

500

Source 1: Louisiana Wetlands, 1932 to 2011

The area shown on the map is located along the Gulf of Mexico about 80 miles south of New Orleans.

Source 2: Louisiana’s Wetlands

Source: John Tibbetts, science writer, academic article, 2006.

An average of 34 square miles of South Louisiana land, mostly marsh, has disappeared each year for the past five decades, according to the U.S. Geological Survey.

New Orleans also continually built higher and stronger levees to contain river flooding.

Identify a claim that is directly supported by evidence in the map.

500

Daily shipping log from the Dutch East India Company headquarters in Asia at Batavia (present-day Jakarta), Indonesia, 1624.

The primary contents were pepper, nutmeg,* mace,* and diamonds. The specific contents for each ship included:

*Nutmeg and mace were two of the main spices found in the eastern islands of Indonesia.

The shipping log best illustrates which economic development in the Early Modern Period?

A Europeans faced numerous restrictions when they tried to trade with Asian states.

B Europeans developed joint-stock companies to facilitate their trade in Asia.

C European merchants used luxury goods to acquire precious metals in Asia.

D European states engaged in numerous wars against each other for control over Asian markets.

Answer B

This is the best answer. The shipping log shows that the Dutch East India Company—a joint-stock company—was bringing very large quantities of high-priced goods to the Netherlands from Indonesia.

500

1
Claim: The Qianlong Emperor considered himself to be a universal ruler of all people.
2
Evidence: He presented himself differently to different groups of people depending upon their cultural beliefs.

500

Image 1: Manufacturing Plant in Chemnitz, Germany, that Produced Turbines and Steam Engine Parts, Published in a German Newspaper in 1868

Image 2: Japanese Textile Mill, Women Working at Numerous Spinning and Weaving Machines Being Overseen by Managers who are Men, 1907

Which choice best describes how factories like the one shown in Image 1 changed by the end of the nineteenth century?

A. Factories relied more on hand tools than on steam machinery.

B. Factories shifted to producing iron in far greater quantities than steel.

C. Factories increasingly used electricity to power their production.

D.Factories increasingly utilized child labor for production.

Answer C

This is the best answer. Electricity was increasingly employed in factories, which would change how factories operated during the Second Industrial Revolution because they relied less on steam and water power.

500

The British intervention in Egypt and similar European actions around the world during the Modern Period were most directly facilitated by

A. the growing influence of the United States in world affairs.

B. the growth of anticolonial movements in many areas of the world.

C. the easing of international tensions within Europe.

D. advances in transportation and communication technologies.

Answer D

This is the best answer. European overseas expansion was made much easier by the development of such technologies as the steamship and the telegraph, which allowed faster, cheaper, and more reliable transportation of goods and communication of information over long distances.

500

Public ultimatum from the government of Austria-Hungary to the government of Serbia, delivered July 23, 1914.

The history of recent years, and in particular the assassination of the Archduke last June, have shown the existence of a rebellious movement with the purpose of detaching Bosnia* from the territories of Austria-Hungary.

The movement, which had its birth under the eye of the Serbian government, has gone so far as to carry out numerous outrages on both sides of the Serbian frontier in the form of terrorism and murder.

The Serbian government has done nothing to stop these movements. It has permitted the criminal activities of various societies and associations that act against Austria-Hungary, tolerated irresponsible language on the part of the press, glorified the people responsible for these outrages, allowed army officers and government workers to participate in rebellious activity, permitted anti-Austrian propaganda to be spread publicly, and permitted all actions designed to incite the Serbian population to a hatred of Austria-Hungary.

*A mostly Slavic region in the southern part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire; Bosnia contained a large Serbian minority.

Based on the passage, the Serbian government’s actions were most likely motivated by

A. fascism, because the Serbian government was promoting theories of racial supremacy.

B. militarism, because the Serbian government was preparing to fight for Serbian independence.

C. isolationism, because the Serbian government was attempting to cut ties with all outside nations.

D. nationalism, because the Serbian government was supporting separatist groups.

Answer D

This is the best answer. The Austrian government claims the Serbian government is supporting nationalist groups within Serbia to rebel against Austrian power and undermine the Austrian monarchy. The passage states that a “rebellious movement with the purpose of detaching Bosnia . . . had its birth under the eye of the Serbian government.”