Diabetes in Pregnancy
This hormone does not cross the placenta.
What is insulin?
This fetal complication commonly results from maternal hyperglycemia causing excessive fetal growth.
What is macrosomia?
The ideal hemoglobin A1c during pregnancy is approximately this percentage.
What is 6–6.5%?
This medication is the treatment of choice for hypothyroidism during pregnancy.
What is levothyroxine (Synthroid)?
These two maternal vital signs are early indicators of cardiac decompensation during pregnancy.
What are pulse >100 bpm and respiratory rate >25/min?
This substance is the primary fuel source for the fetus and crosses the placenta by facilitated diffusion.
What is glucose?
This neonatal complication occurs after birth because maternal glucose supply stops while the baby's insulin remains high.
What is neonatal hypoglycemia?
Instead of urine glucose, pregnant patients with diabetes should routinely monitor for this.
What are urine ketones?
This medication is preferred during the first trimester for hyperthyroidism.
What is propylthiouracil (PTU)?
This delivery method is generally preferred for women with cardiac disease.
What is a vaginal birth?
This type of diabetes exists before pregnancy and carries the highest risk for congenital anomalies.
What is pregestational diabetes mellitus (Type 1 or Type 2)?
These two body systems are most commonly affected by congenital anomalies from poorly controlled pregestational diabetes.
What are the cardiovascular and central nervous systems?
These three fetal surveillance tests are commonly used in diabetic pregnancies beginning in the third trimester.
What are daily fetal kick counts (FKC), non-stress tests (NSTs), and biophysical profiles (BPPs)?
This medication replaces PTU during the second and third trimesters because prolonged PTU use increases maternal liver toxicity.
What is methimazole (MMI)?
During second-stage labor, this pushing technique is encouraged to minimize cardiovascular stress.
What is open-glottis pushing?
According to ACOG, gestational diabetes is routinely screened during these weeks of pregnancy.
What is 24–28 weeks?
This complication results from excess fetal urination due to maternal hyperglycemia.
What is polyhydramnios?
This imaging study is performed around 20–22 weeks because diabetic pregnancies have an increased risk of cardiac defects.
What is a fetal echocardiogram?
Women with systemic lupus erythematosus should ideally be in remission for this long before becoming pregnant.
What is 6 months?
This uterotonic should be avoided in women with cardiac disease because it causes vasoconstriction and increases blood pressure.
What is Methergine (methylergonovine)?
This maternal condition is considered a teratogen and greatly increases the risk of congenital malformations during early pregnancy.
What is hyperglycemia?
This obstetric emergency is strongly associated with fetal macrosomia.
What is shoulder dystocia?
During labor, these two IV medications are commonly titrated together to maintain maternal euglycemia.
What are insulin and dextrose?
This medication should be avoided during labor in patients with myasthenia gravis because it worsens muscle weakness.
What is magnesium sulfate?
The first 24–48 hours postpartum and especially this later postpartum period are considered the highest risk for cardiac decompensation.
What is about 2 weeks postpartum?