Meiosis
Monohybrid & Dihybrid Crosses
Inheritance Patterns
Mutations and Variation
Vocab!
100
Name the five stages of Meiosis.
What is Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
100
What is a genotype?
The genetic makeup of an organism (e.g. TT, Tt, or tt).
100
the pattern of inheritance where both traits are fully and separately expressed
What is codominance?
100
Define Mutation
A change in a DNA sequence
100
A segment of DNA that codes for a trait
What is Gene?
200
How many daughter cells are produced at the end of meiosis, and are they genetically identical or different?
Meiosis produces four haploid daughter cells, and they are genetically different from each other and from the parent cell.
200
What are the possible genotypes of offspring from a TT × tt cross?
All offspring will have the genotype Tt.
200
pattern of inheritance where the two alleles are blended in a heterozygous genotype
What is incomplete dominance?
200
Separation of allele pairs during gamete formation
What is segregation?
200
Different versions of a gene (e.g. dominant or recessive)
What is Allele
300
What is the difference between diploid and haploid cells?
Diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes (2n), one from each parent, while haploid cells have only one set of chromosomes (n), found in gametes.
300
Explain what a Monohybrid cross is.
A cross in which both parents are heterozygous (hybrid) for a single (mono) trait. Example: Petal colour in pea plants. This means that the parents genotypes would look like this (Tt, Tt).
300
Compare and contrast incomplete dominance and codominance using a genetic cross example.
In incomplete dominance, red and white flowers produce pink (blend); in codominance, a red cow and white cow produce roan (both colors shown).
300
The separation of the alleles of one gene into gametes independently of the way in which the alleles of other genes have segregated.
What is Independent Assortment?
300
The observable characteristics of an individual as a result of their genotype e.g. Brown eyes & Black hair
What is Phenotype
400
What is Meiosis? Why is it important? Make sure to use relevant key words such as number of divisions, haploid, diploid, number of daughter cells etc.
Meiosis is a type of cell division that goes through PMAT twice, producing four genetically different haploid daughter cells called gametes (sperm or eggs). This variation is essential for sexual reproduction, as it increases the genetic diversity of offspring.
400
Explain what a Dihybrid cross is.
Unlike a monohybrid cross which studies one trait, a dihybrid cross examines the inheritance patterns of two different traits determined by two distinct genes.
400
How is codominance different from simple dominant and recessive inheritance.
In codominance, both alleles are shown in the phenotype (like AB blood type), but in simple inheritance, only the dominant allele shows in the phenotype if it’s present.
400
A process occurring during meiosis where genetic material is exchanged between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes
Crossing Over
400
Grid system for predicting all possible genotypes resulting from a cross
What is Punnett square?
500
In one or two sentences, explain meiosis contributes to genetic variation.
HINT: I_____ A_______& C_______ O______.
Meiosis increases variation through crossing over (exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes) and independent assortment (random separation of chromosomes), leading to unique combinations in gametes.
500
Why can two parents with dominant phenotypes produce an offspring with a recessive phenotype?
If both parents are heterozygous, they each carry a recessive allele, which can combine in the offspring to form a homozygous recessive genotype, showing the recessive phenotype.
500
What is a carrier within the context of Genetic Inheritance?
A carrier has one recessive gene for a trait but the allele is not expressed/seen.
500
Mendel's phenotypic ratio
What is 9:3:3:1?
500
Define the terms ‘homologous chromosomes’ and ‘allele' and explain how the two are related.
Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes that carry the same genes, but may have different alleles (versions of a gene).