A&P Changes in Pregnancy
striae gravidarum; breast, abdomen and thighs
fertilized ovum, now diploid with half of its chromosomes from one patient, and half from the other
earliest form of embryo that can be seen on ultrasound
fetal pole
the umbilical cord contains __ artery(s) and __ vein(s)
2; 1
Difference between nurse midwives and lay midwives
Nurse Midwives: RNs with advanced education and training that allows them to supervise and manage their own patients
Lay midwives: not trained in nursing; trained through apprenticeship, midwifery programs and self study
blood levels of thyroid hormones are typically (increased or decreased) during pregnancy
increased
Implantation occurs __ days after fertilization.
6-10 days
an opening in the heart wall, connecting right and left atrium. Normal finding in embryo and fetus, abnormal after birth
foramen ovale
the placenta grows wider until __ weeks, at which point it continues to grow thicker but does not expand outward
20
Recommended caffeine limit during pregnancy
200 mg or less
two hormones produced by pituitary gland necessary for lactation
prolactin and oxytocin
Critical task of embryonic stage
fetal organ development
vulnerability to teratogens declines in most structures during this stage
fetal stage
three primary functions of the placenta
circulation, protection and hormone production
Routine OB care schedule
first appointment end of first trimester; monthly until 28 weeks, bi-weekly 28-36 weeks; weekly until delivery
overall cardiac output increases as much as __% in pregnancy, made possible by heart rate increase of __-__ BPM
50; 15-20
first functional organ system to develop in an embryo
cardiovascular
Monozygotic vs. Dizygotic
mono- multiple pregnancy result of fertilization and division of a single ova
di- fertilization of two ova
5 hormones produced by the placenta
hcg, hcs, progesterone, estrogen, and relaxin
Foods/drink recommended to avoid in pregnancy
raw fish/meat, alfalfa sprouts, alcohol, undercooked eggs, lunch meat, soft/unpasteurized cheese, raw/unpasteurized milk
total blood volume increases by __%-__%
40-45
moves oxygenated blood from umbilical vein to inferior vena cava
ductus venosus
allows for blood to be shunted directly between the pulmonary artery and descending aorta, bypassing the lungs
ductus arteriosus
functional part of the placenta
synctiotrophoblast
benefits of exercise in pregnancy
aids in alleviating discomforts, avoid excess weight gain, lower risk of GDM, reduce urinary incontinence, reduce risk of macrosomia, decreased risk of pre-e/hypertension