Better Health for Individuals
Define Health Promotion
Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control, and improve their health.
That means, health promotion is anything people or groups etc do in order to increase the power individuals have over their own health.
Describe "Muscular Endurance" and provide an example of how it is tested.
Muscular endurance is a muscle’s, or group of muscles’, ability to repeat a specific movement over and over again. It is often measured by testing how many times an athlete can perform a specific movement in a set time, for example, how many push-ups or sit-ups can be done in 1 minute.
Explain the nature of anaphylaxis
Anaphylaxis is the most severe form of allergic reaction and is potentially life-threatening. It must be treated as a medical emergency, requiring immediate treatment and urgent medical attention.
Anaphylaxis is a generalised allergic reaction, which often involves more than one body system (e.g. skin, respiratory, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular). A severe allergic reaction or anaphylaxis usually occurs within 20 minutes to 2 hours of exposure to the trigger and can rapidly become life-threatening.
Provide examples of vigorous Individual fitness activities
Running, HITT, Swimming, Weight training programs, cycling.
Outline the responsibility of Schools in health promotion
Community groups, including schools, are responsible for health promotion within their community. Of the community groups, schools possibly play the largest role in health promotion.
Schools are the biggest community group and our societies main provider of education and child care between the ages of 5 and 18. These childhood and teenage years are some of the most important years in developing healthy habits and gaining a solid basis for health literacy and general health knowledge.
This holistic view of health educates students on the five (5) dimensions of health and seeks to promote life long wellbeing, including eating properly, reading food information, lifelong physical activity, social and mental health, along with individual value and purpose.
Discuss the difference between modifiable and non-modifiable health determinants; provide examples.
Modifiable means that it can be changed and as such, it can be controlled to a certain extend. E.g.
Non-modifiable health determinants are never able to be changed. E.g.
Identify the Skill-related components of physical fitness
Power
Speed
Agility
Coordination
Balance
Reaction Time
What are the signs and symptoms of a stroke
FAST
Face — the face may have dropped on one side, the person may not be able to smile or their mouth or eye may have drooped.
Arms — the person may not be able to lift one or both arms and keep them there because of arm weakness or numbness.
Speech — their speech may be slurred or garbled, or the person may not be able to talk at all despite appearing to be awake.
Time — it is time to call triple zero (000) immediately if you see any of these signs or symptoms
Define Emerging group fitness activities and provide a current example.
Dragon boat racing
Outdoor group fitness activities such as Boot Camp.
What are the principals of social justice
Equity, Diversity, supportive environments
Describe both the relative and dynamic nature of health
Relative nature of health refers to how we judge our health compared to other people or other points of time in our life.
Dynamic nature of health refers to the constant fluctuations that occur in our level of health.
Outline the differences between eccentric, concentric and isometric muscular contractions
Eccentric contraction is when the muscle produces a force but increases in its length
A concentric muscular contraction is when the muscle exerts a force and shortens in length.
An isometric contraction is when a muscle produces a force but does not change in length.
Describe the moral obligation "Duty of Care"
People trained in administering first aid are NOT legally obligated to assist. But, If you choose to assist in a situation you then have a duty of care.
Duty of care describes the legal duty owed by one person to another to act in a certain way. As a first aider, you have a duty of care towards your casualties to exercise reasonable care and skill in providing first aid treatment. The duty arises because you have knowledge and skills relevant to a medical emergency situation.
If you choose to provide first aid assistance, you have a duty to use your knowledge and skills in a responsible way.
Discuss some promotional techniques used in fitness advertising.
Direct marketing, Limited offer memberships.
"The free fitness assessment". This promotion provides an opportunity for people to receive personalised health information that will enable them to make informed decisions about what they might need to do to enhance their fitness levels.
"The free trial". One purpose behind this strategy is for the provider to be able to demonstrate the quality of the facilities and service they can provide.
"The celebrity endorsement". celebrities who may hold some appeal for the target audience can be effectively used to endorse a product
Name the 3 types of muscle in the muscular system
Skeletal, Smooth and Cardiac
Outline the determinants of Health (200pt) and provide an example for each (200pt)
Individual Factors e.g. Knowledge and skills, attitudes, genetics
Sociocultural factors e.g. family, peers, media, religion, culture
Socioeconomic factors e.g. employment, education, income
Environmental factors e.g. geographical location, access to health services and technology
What factors contribute to increased stroke rate during physical activity?
The reason for stroke volume increase during training or exercise =
1. Increase in blood returning to the heart due to muscular contractions, which naturally results in greater diastolic filling of the heart increasing the stroke volume.
2. The body has a higher demand for oxygen and therefore the heart contracts more forcefully during exercise.
3. There is less resistance to the blood moving out of the ventricle due to vasodilation (widening) of the blood vessels.
What is the management of a conscious casualty who is experiencing hypoglycaemia.
1 Help the patient to sit or lie in a comfortable position.
2 Reassure the patient.
3 Loosen any tight clothing.
4 Give the patient sugar, such as fruit juice or a soft drink (NOT ‘diet’ eg Coke Zero, Pepsi Max), sugar, jellybeans, glucose tablets.
5 Continue giving sugar every 15 minutes until the patient recovers.
6 Follow with carbohydrates, eg a sandwich, milk, fresh or dry fruit, or dry biscuits and cheese.
7 If there is no improvement in symptoms or the patient becomes unconscious, call triple zero (000) for an ambulance
Outline health concerns for an elderly person and exercising. What are some exercise guidelines for the elderly population?
Reduced muscle mass, strength and physical endurance, coordination and balance, joint flexibility and mobility, cardiovascular and respiratory function, bone strength. Increased body fat levels, blood pressure.
Guidelines: aim to be physically active every day. Do activities that improve strength, balance and flexibility on at least 2 days a week. At least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity activity a week or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity activity if you are already active, or a combination of both. Reduce time spent sitting or lying down and break up long periods of not moving with some activity
Explain how flotation occurs
When an object is placed in water it causes the water to be displaced (move upwards). e.g. person getting into a bathtub. In order for an object to float, the water they displace must weigh more than they do.
This is because gravity is seeking to push the water that has been displaced, back down, while also pushing the person down.
Identify the Ottawa Charter action areas; Give an example for each action area
Developing personal Skills - e.g. Students are educated in school and through media advertisements about the dangers of road use and how to be safe on the road.
Creating Supportive Environments - E.g. smoking legislation has become more restrictive, introducing plain packaging and removing cigarettes from being visible behind shop counters.
Strengthening community action - E.g. The Closing the Gap campaign following the National Indigenous Health Equality Campaign that was launched in 2006
Reorienting health services - E.g. Immunisation programs, cancer screening, promoting mental health and helping people to quit smoking and lose weight.
Building healthy public policy - E.g. the introduction of compulsory seatbelt wearing, random breath testing, intensive speed camera programs and, more recently, roadside drug testing have all contributed to the decrease in road injuries and fatalities.
Describe the physiological responses that occur during a 20-minute continuous aerobic training session.
Heart Rate - When exercising, heart rate increases quickly once beginning exercise and then plateaus once a constant effort is maintained.
Ventilation Rate - The number of breaths taken per minute and the depth of each breath will increase and as a result, the total volume of air inhaled into the lungs per minute increase also.
Stroke Volume - During exercise stroke volume increases as the heart pumps more forcefully to try and get more blood around the body.
Cardiac output - During exercise cardiac output increases to supply the muscles with oxygen and remove waste products.
Lactate levels - During exercise lactate levels will increase as the body produces lactic acid in creating energy for the muscles. Lactate levels will be lower than high-intensity exercise.
Contrast the treatment of a redback spider bite to that of a Snake bite
Redback spider: Cold Pack
1 Apply a cold pack to the bitten or stung area for 15 minutes and reapply if pain continues.
2 The cold pack should be changed when necessary to maintain the same level of coldness.
3 See medical aid if the pain worsens.
Snake: Pressure bandaging and immobilisation
1 If the bite or sting is on a limb, apply a broad pressure bandage (crepe preferred) over the bite site.
2 Apply a firm heavy crepe or elasticised roller bandage (10–15 centimetres wide) starting just above the fingers or toes, and moving upwards on the bitten limb as far as can be reached.
3 Apply the bandage as tightly as possible to the limb.
4 Immobilise the bandaged limb using splints.
5 Seek medical aid
Discuss fitness as a Commodity
Since the ‘fitness revolution’ of the 1970s, people have increasingly shown an interest in fitness, leading to gradual growth in the ‘fitness business’.
As the community recognised the benefits of participating in physical activity, people increasingly looked for a ‘quick fix’ to their individual problems.
From the ‘fitness boom’ grew an industry. Today a range of products and services are available to the fitness consumer. They include fitness videos and equipment, which are readily available at local supermarkets and sports stores. They can also be ordered through magazines, catalogues, teleshopping and the Internet
The other major growth area is in the field of commercial fitness centres and businesses, which provide a vast array of activities and services to the consumer. Specialists in personal training and corporate fitness programs have evolved to cater to the needs of individuals and companies who recognise the benefits of improved health and fitness.
Explain the difference between pulmonary and systemic circulation
Pulmonary circulation circulates deoxygenated blood from the heart (right side) to the lungs, then back to the heart.
Systemic circulation (circuit) pumps blood from the left side of the heart out to all body tissues, then back to the right side of the heart.