Problems
/Questions
/Questions
This issue is so definitive for certain kinds of Skeptics that it has earned a place in their name.
What is the issue of the external world?
Perhaps best known for his self-proclaimed thinking, this philosopher is a substance dualist.
Who is Rene Descartes?
These are the supporting thoughts/claims in an argument.
What are premises?
This philosophy of mind position denotes the belief that mental and physical phenomena are distinct and different (but still capable of interaction).
What is dualism?
This discipline is highly connected to philosophy as well as some other notable fields like psychology, neuroscience, and linguistics.
What is cognitive science?
This ideological divide is one that has particular bearing in discussions dealing how we possess/gain knowledge.
What is the Empiricism-Rationalism divide?
This thinker has an extremely influential role in the philosophy of language due to his rebuttal to behaviourists.
Who is Avram Noam Chomsky?
Used differently in colloquial contexts, this term refers to cases where the premises of an argument only hold if the conclusion is taken to be true.
What is begging the question?
This metaphysical position is 'monist' about the kinds of substances that make up all things.
What is materialism?
This position argues that if everything we do is caused by things beyond our control (e.g., physics, biology, and other universal laws), then we cannot be the ultimate cause of our actions and therefore we cannot have free will.
What is determinism?
Critical of the JTB theory of knowledge, this challenge employed counter-examples to target the problem of accidental justification.
What is the Gettier problem?
This thinker is a rare case of someone maintaining the theory of substance dualism in our contemporary times.
Who is Dean Zimmerman?
This view of knowledge, appearing as far back as Plato, emphasizes the necessity of three conditions to be met in our knowledge claims.
What is the Justified, True, Belief (JTB) theory?
Often the basis for philosophical punchlines and tropes, this epistemological position typically emphasizes doubts and questioning.
What is skepticism?
Distancing the necessity of certain metaphysics from our concept of freedom, these thinkers suggest that free will can be present at the same time that determinism is.
Who are compatibilists?
Critical of the Exclusion Argument from skepticism, this reply targets the standard for justification in the argument.
What is the Overly High Standard reply?
Notable for his property dualism, this thinker believed that the possession of physical properties did not mean that something could not also possess mental properties.
Who is Thomas Nagel?
This term refers to individual objects or 'things' understood in philosophy (of mind, in particular).
What is a substance?
This epistemological theory holds that reason/logic are our best tools for gaining knowledge.
What is rationalism?
This philosophical position shares much in common with materialism, but tends to have a more 'methodological' spin, emphasizing the exclusion of non/supernatural entities from the determination of events.
What is naturalism?
Extending from the concerns of External World Skepticism, this problem can often lead to solipsism/ego-centrism.
What is the problem of other minds?
Likely better known for his political philosophy, this philosopher was a materialist about the mind (specifically an identity theorist).
Who is Thomas Hobbes?
The philosophical term for a characteristic, this term is typically used when dealing with substances.
What is a property?
This epistemological position emphasizes experience and experimentation as the key ways we develop knowledge.
What is empiricism?
A particular sort of materialism, this position emphasizes that most mental states spoken of (e.g., beliefs, desires, pains) do not exist.
What is Eliminative Materialism?