⚛️PRIN 3, EXAM 3

⚡X-Ray Circuit

100

Name all the parts of the x-ray circuit: 1-14

1. Power supply
2. Circuit breaker
3. On/Off switch
4. Autotransformer
5. kVp meter
6. Exposure timer
7. Step-up transformer
8. Rectifiers/Diode circuit
9. X-ray tube
10. Rheostat
11. Step-down transformer
12. Line compensator
13. Major kVp selector
14. Minor kVp selector

200

What does this symbol represent?

A Solid-State Rectifier/Diode

300

1. The autotransformer works on ______-induction
2. Has a _____ winding
3. AKA the ___ selector: contains 2 types, the _______ & ________
4. Feeds into the ________ & ________ circuit

1. Self
2. Single
3. kVp, Major, Minor
4. Secondary, Filament

400

1. The Step-Up Transformer decreases ______ and increases ______ up to ___ times.
2. Only works on ______ current and ______ induction.
3. AKA ____-______ transformer
4. Located in the ________ circuit

1. Current, voltage, 500
2. Alternating, mutual
3. High-voltage
4. Secondary

500

1. In the Step-Down Transformer, _______ goes down while ______ goes up.
2. Works on ______ induction
3. Secondary coil had (MORE/LESS) turns
4. Located in the ________ circuit

1. Voltage, current
2. Mutual
3. Less
4. Filament

600

1. ________ is the process of converting AC to DC.
2. The electronic device that allows current flow in only one direction is a __________.
3. Voltage #1 is required to ensure that e- flow from the x-ray tube _____ to _____ only.
4. #2s in most modern x-ray generators are the ______, _________ type.
5. #2s are located in the (HIGH/LOW)-voltage section.

1. Rectification
2. Rectifier
3. Cathode, anode
4. Silicon, semiconductor
5. High-voltage

700

1. _____-_____ recitifcation is a condition in which the voltage is not allowed to swing negatively during the negative half of its cycle.
2. Only ____-_____ of the AC waveform appears in the output.
3. Half-wave-rectified circuits contain ___, ___, or ___ diodes.

1. Half-wave
2. One-half
3. 0, 1, 2

800

1. A circuit that rectifies the entire AC waveform is called ____-____ rectification.
2. #1 x-ray imaging systems contain at least ___ diodes in the ____-______ circuit.
3. The main advantage of #1 rectification is that the exposure time for any given technique is _________.

1. Full-wave
2. 4, high-voltage
3. Cut in half

900

1. With _____-_____ power, multiple voltage waveforms are superimposed on one another, resulting in a waveform that maintains a nearly constant high voltage.
2. #1 is a more efficient way to produce x-rays than _____-______ power.
3. There are ____ pulses per 1/60 seconds compared with the ____ pulses characteristic of #2.

1. Three-phase
2. Single-phase
3. 6, 2

1000

1. ____-______ generators produce a nearly constant potential voltage waveform,
2. Improving image quality at lower patient _______ _____.
3. Full-wave rectification or high-frequenct voltage generation is used in almost all ________ x-ray imaging systems.
4. The real advantage of #1 circuits is that they are much (LARGER/SMALLER), (MORE/LESS) costly, and (LESS/MORE) efficient than 60-Hz high-voltage generators.

1. High-frequency
2. Radiation dose
3. Stationary
4. Smaller, less, more

1100

1. Resistance in measured in ____ (__).
2. A resistor inhibits the flow of ________.
3. A ________ is a type of variable resistor used to control the current in a circuit.
4. This works by changing the resistance without interrupting the flow of the ______.
5. ⬆️mA station = (⬆️/⬇️) resistance to the flow of electricity
6. AKA the _____ selector

1. Ohms, Ω
2. Electrons
3. Rheostat
4. Current
5. ⬇️resistance to the flow of electricity
6. mA

1200

1. The exposure timer automatically terminates the exposure when adequate radiation reaches the _____.
2. Nearly always done on the ________ side of the _____-voltage transformer, where the voltage is ______.
3. __________ timers cannot be used for serial exposures because they must be reset after each exposure.
4. __________ timers are the most sophisticated, most complicated, and most accurate of the x-ray exposure timers.

1. IR
2. Primary, High-Voltage, lower
3. Synchronous
4. Electronic

1300

1. Most exposure timers are ________ and are controlled by a __________.
2. ________ timers are used on falling load and capacitor discharge imaging systems.
3. _________________ terminates the x-ray exposure at the desired film optical density. This is done with an _______ chamber or a _________ detector assembly.

1. Electronic, microprocessor
2. mAs
3. Automatic Exposure Timer, ionization, photodiode

📡X-Ray Tube

100

Name the parts of the x-ray tube: 1-9

1. Rotor
2. Rotating anode
3. Glass enclosure
4. Anode assembly
5. Window
6. Target
7. Cathode assembly
8. Focusing cup
9. Filament

200

1. The protective housing protects both the _____ (from heat damage) and ______ (from leakage radiation) nearby.
2. It is _____-lined to absorb x-rays
3. Reduces _______ radiation
4. Keeps it less than ___ mGya or ____ mR per hour at 1m

1. Tube, People
2. Lead
3. Leakage
4. 1 mGya/hr at 1m, 100 mR/hr at 1m

300

1. The ______ is the positive terminal of the x-ray circuit.
2. It gives the filament electron ______ energy
3. Two types of anodes: S________ & R________
4. In #3A, the electron beam always hits the same place, the _____ _____.
5. Only used in (HIGH/LOW) voltage equipment, older and ______ equipment.
6. 1 major disadvantage of #3A,  _____ builds up rapidly and can damage the tube.

1. Anode
2. Kinetic
3. Stationary, rotating
4. Focal spot
5. Low, dental
6. Heat

400

1. The induction motor works via _______ induction.2. There are two parts of the induction motor: S_______ and R_______
3. The #2A is the ________ part, located on the ______ of the glass envelope.
4. It consists of a series of ___________
5. The #2B is the ________ part, usually made of ________
6. On general tubes it can have a range of __________ to _________ RPM.
7. In high speed/specialty tubes, it can range from: __________-___________ RPM. 

1. Mutual
2. Stator, Rotor
3. Stationary, outside
4. Electromagnets
5. Rotating, copper
6. 3200-3600 RPM
7. 10000-12000 RPM

500

1. The _____/______ envelope contains the cathode and anode.
2. Can be made of glass (______) to withstand heat, or metal (which has a ______ ____).
3. X-rays produced isotopically exit through the ______ ______.
4. The beam exiting through this window is also called the _______ _____.

1. Glass, metal
2. Pyrex, longer life
3. Target window
4. Useful beam

600

1. The rotating anode uses an _________ ______ to rotate the anode.
2. The electron beam strikes only a small part of the target disk at any one time, the ______ ______.
3. This allows the use of (HIGHER/LOWER) techniques.

1. Induction motor
2. Focal track
3. Higher

700

1. The ________ is the negative terminal of the x-ray circuit.
2. It contains two elements: the ________ ___ and the _________
3. The #2B is made of ________ _______
4. Because it has a (HIGH/LOW) atomic #
5. Also has a high ______ point = ______ °F
6. #3 efficiently ________ heat which can reduce ________

1. Cathode
2. Focusing cup, filaments
3. Thoriated Tungsten
4. High atmoic #
5. Melting, 6170 °F
6. Dissipates, tube arching

800

1. ____ ________ selection is tied to filament selection
2. A ______ filament is used when fine images are required
3. A small filament creates a ______ focal spot of ____ to _____ mm
4. A ______ filament is used in high x-ray production
5. A large filament creates a ______ focal spot of _____ to _____ mm

1. mA station
2. Small
3. Small, 0.1-1.0 mm
4. Large
5. Large, 0.4-2.0 mm

900

1. The focusing cup resides on the ______ side of the x-ray tube.
2. They are metal cups in which the ________ are attached inside.
3. They are connected to the _____-_______ circuit (aka _____ circuit)
4. Has a strong _______ charge
5. This is used to corral and ______ the electrons from the filament to the _______, called electrostatic ________.

1. Cathode
2. Filaments
3. High-voltage, tube
4. Negative
5. Focus, anode, repulsion

1000

1. The ______ _____ in x-ray is the primary radiation that exits the x-ray tube housing through the target window.
2. It is the radiation that is directed toward the _______ and contains the x-rays used for imaging.
3. It is the beam used to create an _______, and the collimator controls its size to limit ______ & ________ ________ to only the necessary area.
4. The difference in radiation intensity across the useful beam of an x-ray field can vary by as much as ___%.
5. X-rays that escape through protective housing are called ________ ________.
6. They contribute nothing in the way of ________ _________ and result in unnecessary exposure of the ________ and the ___________.

1. Useful beam
2. Patient
3. Image, patient, technologist exposure
4. 45%
5. Leakage radiation
6. Diagnostic information, patient, technologist

1100

1. ______ ________ is a short-circuit within the x-ray tube that causes a sudden flash of electrical current.
2. The most frequent cause of abrupt tube failure is ________ _______ from the filament to the enclosure because of ________ ________.

1. Tube arching
2. Electron arching, vaporized tungsten

1200

1. The _____-_____ _________ describes when different target angles create different size focal spots in the x-ray beam
2. Used to spread _____ over a larger area while maintaining ______ focal spots.
3. Most commonly used anode angle = ___ degrees.

1. Line-focus principle
2. Heat, smaller
3. 12

1300

1. The _____ ____ _______ describes when the angle causes the intensity of the x-ray beam to be less on the anode side because the “heel” of the target is in the path of the beam.
2. X-rays pass through more ______ material or the ______ of the ______.
3. This causes variation of ________ on the film.
4. The ⬇️ the anode angle, the (⬆️/⬇️) the heel effect.
5. ⬆️AHE angle: ____ AFS, ____ EFS

1. Line-focus principle
2. Anode, heel, anode
3. Density
4. ⬆️heel effect
5. ⬆️AFS, ⬇️EFS

1400

1. _________ _________ is the process where a heated metal filament (the ________) releases electrons when it reaches a high temperature.
2. These (HIGH/LOW)-energy electrons are then accelerated across the X-ray tube and strike a metal target (the _______), where the energy is converted into X-ray _______.

1. Thermionic emission, cathode
2. High, anode, photons

1500

1. Tube/Thermal rating chart is used for a given ___. kVp and time that lies below mA curve is ______. On the curve or above is ______.
2. Anode cooling chart displays the ____ required for the heated anode to cool.

1. mA, safe, not safe
2. Time

💥X-Ray Production

100

Identify the interaction:

Characteristic Interaction

200

Identify the interaction:

Bremsstrahlung Interaction

300

Why is Tungsten used as a target material?

- High atomic # = 74, high-efficiency x-ray production and energy
- Thermal conductivity = Tungsten is almost as thermally conductive as copper, dissipates heat efficiently
- High melting point = 3400°C, can stand up to high tube electric current without pitting or bubbling 

400

1. ________ x-rays are emitted when an outer-shell e- fills an inner-shell void.
2. This type of x-ray has energy equal to the difference in the _______ energies of the orbital electrons involed.

1. Characteristic
2. Binding
3. Exited - Replacement = Characteristic
4. K=69.8, L=12.1, M=2.8, N=0.6

500

EQUATION to calculate the energy of Bremsstrahlung photons:

Filament E- Energy - Exit Electron Energy = Brems Photon Energy

600

EQUATION to calculate the energy of a Characteristic Photon

Exited E- Energy - Replacement E- Energy = Characteristic Photon Energy

700

_________ x-rays are produced when a projectile e- is slowed by the nuclear field of a target atom nucleus. The e- is slowed and its _________ is changed.

Bremsstrahlung, direction

800

1. A __________ spectrum contains only specific values. __________ photon production has #1 values.
2. A _________ spectrum contains all possible values. _________ photons have a range of energy.
3. Identify each interaction graphically.

1. Discrete, characteristic
2. Continuous, Bremsstrahlung
3. A=Discrete, B=Continuous

900

⬆️mA = ___ Quantity/___ Quality

⬆️mA = ⬆️Quantity/🚫Quality

1000

⬆️kVp = ___ Quantity/___ Quality

⬆️kVp = ⬆️Quantity/⬆️Quality

1100

⬆️Atomic # = ___Quantity/___ Quality

⬆️Atomic # = ⬆️Quantity/⬆️Quality

1200

1P to HF=___Quantity/___Quality

1P to HF = ⬆️Quantity/⬆️Quality

1300

⬆️filtration = ___Quantity/___Quality

⬆️filtration = ⬇️Quantity/⬆️Quality

1400

1. In the diagnostic range, (SOME/MOST/VERY LITTLE) x-rays are Bremsstrahlung x-rays.
2. The closer the filament e- passes the nucleus, the (STRONGER/WEAKER) the attraction, the (STRONGER/WEAKER) the Brems photon.
3. _______ photons are produced more than _______ photons.
4. Average energy for Brems is approximately ____ of the kVp selected.

1. Most
2. Stronger, stronger
3. Brems > Characteristic
4. 1/3

1500

Name the binding energies of shells K-N.

K=69.8 keV
L=12.1 keV
M=2.8 keV
N=0.6 keV