Normal Microbiota
Which one of the following is NOT true about normal microbiota?
A) They begin to be established at birth.
B) Physical and chemical factors affect their growth.
C) They are localized in specific body regions.
D) They are present only for a relatively short time.
D) They are present only for a relatively short time.
Which of the following is not a predisposing factor of disease?
A) Lifestyle
B) Genetic background
C) Climate
D) Occupation
E) All choices are correct
E) All choices are correct
A large number of cases of a particular disease observed in a relatively short period of time in an area that previously experienced only sporadic cases of the disease is known as a(n) ______
A) outbreak.
B) pandemic.
C) endemic.
D) epidemic.
A) outbreak.
An inanimate object that transmits infectious agents between hosts is most appropriately called a ____
A) vector.
B) carrier.
C) fomite.
D) reservoir.
C) fomite.
Disease ________ is measured by the total number of new reported disease cases within a population over a period of time.
A) incidence
B) frequency
C) morbidity
D) prevalence
A) incidence
Escherichia coli synthesizing vitamins K and B in the large intestine would be an example of which type of symbiosis?
A) Antagonism
B) Commensalism
C) Parasitism
D) Mutualism
D) Mutualism
A patient experiences pain and discomfort. These changes in the patient's body function are referred to as
A) signs.
B) symptoms.
C) syndromes.
D) infection.
B) symptoms.
What term is used to describe a disease that develops slowly and is likely to continue or recur for long periods?
A) Acute
B) Latent
C) Chronic
D) Subacute
C) Chronic
Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, is extremely sensitive to temperature changes and low moisture, thus it is transmitted
A) by contact.
B) by fomites.
C) by vectors.
D) by vehicle.
A) by contact.
The number of ill individuals within a population is referred to as _____.
A) incidence.
B) prevalence.
C) mortality.
D) morbidity.
D) morbidity.
The human body typically begins to be colonized by its normal microbiota ____
A) before birth.
B) during and immediately after birth.
C) when a child first goes to school.
D) when an infant gets its first infectious disease.
E) during puberty.
B) during and immediately after birth.
A period of illness is immediately followed by ___
A) period of decline.
B) incubation period.
C) prodromal period.
D) period of convalescence.
A) period of decline.
Influenza complicated by pneumonia is an example of ______ infection.
A) focal
B) complex
C) systemic
D) secondary
D) secondary
A nonliving source of an infectious agent that infects a large number of people is called a ______.
A) fomite.
B) reservoir.
C) vector.
D) vehicle.
D) vehicle.
Which of the following diseases would be the easiest to control in a human population?
A) an infectious disease with wild animals as a reservoir
B) an infectious disease with humans as the only reservoir
C) an infectious disease with domestic cows as the only reservoir
D) an infectious disease with several possible reservoirs
C) an infectious disease with domestic cows as the only reservoir
How can opportunistic pathogens cause infections?
A) By producing vitamins that the human host can use.
B) By preventing the growth of pathogenic bacteria.
C) By moving to a different host environment.
D) By lowering the pH in their normal host environment.
C) By moving to a different host environment.
The stage of disease that is characterized by early, mild symptoms is called the
A) period of illness.
B) incubation period.
C) prodromal period.
D) period of convalescence.
C) prodromal period.
A _____ infection is a specific type of infection that originates in a localized area of the body but has the potential to spread or affect other tissues or organs.
A) primary
B) localized
C) systemic
D) focal
D) focal
Biological transmission differs from mechanical transmission in that biological transmission:
A) Occurs when a pathogen is carried on the feet of an insect.
B) Involves fomites.
C) Involves reproduction of a pathogen in an arthropod vector prior to transmission.
D) Requires direct contact.
E) Works only with noncommunicable diseases.
C) Involves reproduction of a pathogen in an arthropod vector prior to transmission.
Filoviruses (such as Ebola virus) that cause severe hemorrhagic fevers generally have high ________ but low ________.
A) incidence / prevalence
B) prevalence / mortality
C) mortality / morbidity
D) morbidity / mortality
C) mortality / morbidity
Which of the following statements is TRUE about a symbiotic relationship?
A) Both members are harmed in a symbiotic relationship.
B) Members of a symbiotic relationship cannot live without each other.
C) A parasite is not in symbiosis with its host.
D) Symbiosis always refers to different organisms living together and benefiting from each other.
E) At least one member must benefit in a symbiotic relationship.
E) At least one member must benefit in a symbiotic relationship.
A general state in which microorganisms are multiplying and present in large numbers in the blood is referred to as:
A) Sepsis
B) Septicemia
C) Bacteremia
D) Systemic infection
B) Septicemia
The number of deaths attributed to a disease divided by the total number of infected individuals within a specific time period is referred to as ___.
A) mortality
B) infection fatality ratio
C) case fatality ratio
D) morbidity
B) infection fatality ratio
"Typhoid Mary" is an example of a ________ carrier, because she continued to shed the causative agent for typhoid fever without symptoms.
A) chronic
B) asymptomatic
C) convalescent
D) passive
E) incubating
A) chronic
Which one of the following begins with a hypothesis about a specific disease?
A) Analytical epidemiology
B) Experimental epidemiology
C) Descriptive epidemiology
D) Case reporting
B) Experimental epidemiology