Basics of Problem Solving
The starting point of a problem
Initial State
A method that always guarantees a correct answer
algorithm
Turning words into equations
symbols
Using the same old method even when a better one exists
mental set
Sudden “aha!” moment
insight problem
The final solution or desired outcome
goal state
A mental shortcut or general rule
heuristic
A grid used to organize complex information
matrix
Seeing objects only for their usual purpose
functional fixedness
Solving step-by-step using logic
noninsight problem?
Things that block you from solving a problem
obstacles
Using a past similar problem to solve a new one
Visual representations that simplify problems
diagrams
Relying too much on past experience
top-down processing
Generating many possible answers
divergent thinking
Thinking that goes beyond given information to reach a goal
thinking
Breaking a problem into smaller steps to reach a goal
means-end heuristic
Tree-like structure showing choices
hierarchical tree diagram
Focusing only on incoming information
bottom-up processing
Finding one best solution
convergent thinking
The process used when the solution is not obvious
problem solving
Choosing the option that seems fastest toward the goal
hill-climbing heuristic
Mental pictures that help solve problems
visual images
A famous example involving a candle, tacks, and a box
Duncker Candle Problem
Creating something new and useful
creativity