This is the mathematical representation of the Hardy-Weinberg law of equilibrium.
What is p^2 + 2pq + q^2 ?
100
The fitness effects of mutations depend on this, as seen in the example of sickle-cell anemia and malaria prevalence.
What is the environment?
100
Given the same mutation rate for a lethal and a deleterious allele, this would have a higher equilibrium frequency because dividing by a number that is between zero and one yields a larger number than the original numerator.
What is a deleterious allele?
(deleterious = u/s; lethal = u)
100
Natural selection refers to both survivorship and fecundity, but in the end, it really all comes down to this. In other words, if you're dead or you're not fertile, then either way, you can't do this.
What is reproduce?
100
These two mechanisms are the only means by which new genetic factors may be introduced into a population.
What are gene flow and mutation?
200
This is a local population that interbreeds in a panmictic manner.
What is a deme?
200
The best information on rate at which new alleles are created come from this type of mutation, which results in either no protein products or a dysfunctional protein for the gene. These estimates usually underestimate the rate of mutation.
What are loss-of-function mutations?
200
When considering populations in which both selection and mutation are occurring, the equilibrium frequencies of dominant and recessive alleles in a population are directly related to this.
What is the mutation rate?
200
This is the average number of offspring contributed by an individual of a particular genotype to the next generation.
What is absolute fitness?
200
In the Continent-Island Model, this represents the frequency of q in the mainland population.
What is q-beta?
300
This is shuffled every generation by meiosis and reproduction mechanisms with the individuals in each generation just playing the role of the "temporary holding vessels."
What is the gene pool?
300
These are enzymes differing in electrophoretic mobility as a result of allelic differences at a single locus.
What is an allozyme?
300
When considering populations in which both mutation and selection are occurring, the equilibrium frequencies of dominant and recessive alleles are indirectly related to this.
What is the selection coefficient?
300
This is the proportionate reduction in gametic contribution of a particular genotype compared with the standard, most favored genotype due to selection.
What is the selection coefficient?
300
Banding patterns on water snakes in Lake Erie illustrate this effect of gene flow on populations.
What is homogenization?
400
The fractional representation among all alleles at on locus in a population.
What is the gene frequency?
400
This type of locus has two or more alleles that exist at frequencies that are too large to be explained solely by recurrent mutation. In practice, at a locus exhibiting this, the most common allele has a frequency < 0.95.
What is a polymorphic locus?
400
This is the BIOLOGICAL explanation for how lethal and deleterious recessive alleles can be maintained at a higher equilibrium frequency than lethal and deleterious and lethal dominant alleles.
What is heterozygotic shielding?
400
This is a measure of the proportionate contribution of offspring to the next generation by a particular genotype, compared with a standard genotype, which is the most favored genotype whose contribution is defined as 1.0.
What is relative fitness?
400
This can be defined as changes in gene frequencies due to sampling error in finite populations.
What is genetic drift?
500
The fractional representation of the genetic characteristic of interest in the inheritance patterns of individuals.
What is genotypic frequency?
500
This is the most important source of new genes, which results from retrotransposition and unequal crossing over during meiosis.
What is gene duplication?
500
This is the MATHEMATICAL explanation for how calculations of lethal and deleterious recessive alleles compute to higher equilibrium frequencies than those for dominant lethal and recessive alleles.
What is the square root of a number between zero and one?
500
In this model, the fitness of the three possible genotypes are as follows:
AA = 1-s(1)
Aa = 1
aa = 1-s(2)
What is the hybrid vigor model or heterozygote superiority?
500
This is the number of parents actually responsible for the genetic composition of the next generation.
What is effective breeding size or effective population number?