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Broad-based reform movement, 1900-1917, that sought governmental action in solving problems in many areas of American life, including education, public health, the economy, the environment, labor, transportation, and politics.
What is Progressivism?
Writing that exposed corruption and abuses in politics, business, meatpacking, child labor, and more, primarily in the first decade of the 20th century; included popular books and magazine articles that spurred public interest in reform.
What is muckraking?
Reception center in New York Harbor through which most European immigrants to America were processed from 1892 to 1954.
What is Ellis Island?
Management campaign to improve worker efficiency using measurements like "time and motion" studies to achieve greater productivity; introduced by Frederick Winslow Taylor in 1911.
What is scientific management?
Political Party demanding public ownership of major economic enterprises in the U.S. as well as reforms like recognition of labor unions and women's suffrage; reached peak influence in 1912 when presidential candidate Eugene V. Debs received over 900,000 votes.
What is the Socialist Party?
The process of negotiations between an employer and a group of employees to regulate working conditions.
What is collective bargaining?
Radical union organized in Chicago in 1905 and nicknamed the Wobblies; its opposition to World War I led to its destruction by the federal government under the Espionage Act.
What is the Industrial Workers of the World?
An offshoot of the early 20th century feminist movement, led by Margaret Sanger, that saw access to birth control and "voluntary motherhood" as essential to women's freedom.
What was the birth-control movement?
Organization founded in 1911 that brought together Native American intellectuals of many tribal backgrounds to promote discussion of the plight of Indian peoples.
What is the Society of American Indians?
A philosophical movement that emerged in the late 19th century, which insisted that institutions and social policies should be judged by their practical effects, not their longevity or whether they reflected traditional religious or political beliefs.
What is pragmatism?
A Progressive-era reform that allowed citizens to propose and vote on laws, bypassing state legislatures.
What is an initiative?
A Progressive-era reform that allowed public policies to be submitted by popular vote.
What is a referendum?
A Progressive-era reform that allowed the removal of public officials by popular vote.
What is a recall?
Progressive reform passed in 1913 that required U.S. senators to be elected directly by voters, previously senators were chose by state legislatures.
What is the 17th Amendment?
Late 19th century movement to offer a social services in urban immigrant neighborhoods; Chicago's Hull House was one of hundreds operated by the early 20th century.
What is a settlement house?
Progressive-era reforms that sought to encourage women's child-bearing and -rearing abilities and to promote their economic independence.
What were maternalist reforms?
1908 Supreme Court decision that held that state interest in protecting women could override liberty of contract. Statistics about women's health were used to argue for their protection.
What was Muller v. Orgeon.
Passed in 1906, the first law to regulate manufacturing of food and medicines; prohibited dangerous additives and inaccurate labeling.
What is the Pure Food and Drug Act?
The Progressive-Era idea that American workers were entitled to a wage high enough to allow them full participation in the nation's mass consumption economy.
What is the "American standard of living?"
A progressive reform movement focused on the preservation and sustainable management of the nation's natural resources.
What is the conservation movement?
Constitutional amendment passed in 1913 that legalized the federal income tax.
What is the 16th Amendment?
Political party created when former president Theodore Roosevelt broke away from the Republican Party to run for president again in 1912; the party supported progressive reforms similar to those of the Democrats but stopped short of seeking to eliminate trusts. Also the name of the party backing Robert La Follette for president in 1924.
What was the Progressive Party?
Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete.
What was the New Freedom?
Early 20th century term describing the economic system based on high wages and mass consumption.
What is Fordism?
Platform of the Progressive Party and slogan of former president Theodore Roosevelt in the presidential campaign of 1912; stressed government activism, including regulation of trusts, conservation, and recall of state court decisions that had nullified progressive programs.
What was the New Nationalism?
Independent agency created by the Wilson administration that replaced the Bureau of Corporations as an even more powerful tool to combat unfair trade practices and monopolies.
What is the Federal Trade Commission?