Translation Key Players
This complex (1. ______) facilitates translation by reading this (2. ______)
What are the ribosome and mRNA?
These are the steps of translation.
What are initiation, elongation, and termination?
This type of bond holds together amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
Bonus: this is an example of this type of bond.
What is a peptide bond?
Bonus: What is a covalent bond?
The following is an example of this level of protein structural complexity:
S-G-E-A-A-P-C-R-K-H
What is primary?
What is Biotechnology?
This molecule recognizes stop codons and terminates translation.
What is a release factor?
Ribosomes bind RNA at this site on the mRNA in prokaryotes.
What is the ribosomal binding site?
This component of amino acids gives them their individual characteristics.
What is the R group?
This amino acid can form disulfide bonds to help a protein maintain structure.
Bonus: This can cleave disulfide bonds to help unfold a protein.
What is cysteine?
Bonus: What is a reducing agent?
This protein is generated through recombinant DNA and used to treat diabetes.
What is insulin?
These bring amino acids to the elongating ribosome.
What are tRNAs?
These two components bind to the mRNA to scan for a start codon.
What are the initiator tRNA and the small ribosomal subunit?
Amino acid R groups can take these charges.
What are positive, negative, and uncharged?
This level of structural complexity is where a protein is expected to be fully folded.
What is tertiary?
A component of the SDS-PAGE gel that denatures the proteins.
Bonus: Give the entire name.
What is SDS?
Bonus: Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate
The translation initiation complex is composed of these components.
What are the small and large ribosomal subunits, the initiator tRNA, and the mRNA?
Translation occurs in this direction relative to the mRNA.
Bonus: The protein in synthesized starting with this terminus and ending with this terminus (full names).
What is 5' to 3'?
Bonus: What are the amino and carboy termini?
You have a protein, Protein X, that is soluble in Kool-Aide (think of what type of solvent this is, based on its main component). However, you find a strain of bacteria with a mutation in Protein X that results in a loss of this solubility. Describe a mutation that could result in this.
Hydrophobic to hydrophilic amino acid or vice versa, disrupting protein structure and exposing hydrophobic sites
Secondary structures are held together by these types of bonds.
What are hydrogen bonds?
A gene of interest is inserted into a plasmid which is introduced into bacteria to replicate the plasmid and generate multiple copies.
What is recombinant DNA?
The process of charging a tRNA is also known as this.
What is amino-acylation?
The four steps of translation elongation are these (in order).
1. AA-tRNA enters A site of the ribosome
2. The growing peptide chain is transferred from the P site tRNA to the AA-tRNA in the A site
3. The ribosome moves downstream (toward the 3' end) one codon
4. The uncharged-tRNA that was in the P site is ejected through the E site of the ribosome
Draw an amino acid core structure and label the termini.
H R O
\ | //
N term N -C-C C term
/ H \
H OH
This level of structural complexity describes when 4 subunits of the protein hemoglobin interact with each other.
What is quaternary?
These two gels were utilized in lab this semester.
Bonus: Separates native DNA by size.
Bonus Bous: The state proteins are in when run on a gel.
What are agarose and SDS-PAGE?
Bonus: What is agarose?
Bonus Bonus: What is denatured?