Transcription
Does transcription produce mRNA, tRNA, or rRNA?
mRNA
Where does translation occur?
In ribosomes within the cytoplasm.
True or False: Mutations only affect the base sequence, but not the final protein
False. Mutations affect the base sequence, affecting the amino acid sequence which affects the final protein.
Does one codon only code for one amino acid?
Yes
What base replaces thymine in RNA?
Uracil
Transcription is the ??? step in protein synthesis
First
Is tRNA responsible for bringing codons or anticodons?
Anticodons
Is a mutation to a sequence always harmful? Why or why not?
Not all mutations are harmful. Some mutations are silent mutations meaning the base change within the codon, still codes for the same amino acid. There is no functional change in the protein.
Do all codons code for amino acids?
No. The start and stop codons do not code for any amino acids.
How many stop codons are there? List them out.
UAA
UGA
UAG
What role does mRNA play in protein synthesis?
mRNA is messenger RNA. It carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?
tRNA picks up amino acids and then delivers them to the ribosome. It ensures the correct amino acid is delivered by matching anticodons to the mRNA strand.
Why are frameshift mutations more harmful than substitution mutations?
Frameshift mutations affect the entire genetic sequence after the mutation. Substitutions only affect one amino acid in the protein sequence.
If DNA has the sequence TAC, what is the mRNA codon?
AUG
Why is it important for proteins to be built in a specific sequence?
A proteins sequence determines its structure. If the structure of a protein is disrupted so is its function. A wrong sequence can cause misfolding and a disease.
How many strands of DNA are used as a template in transcription?
1: the template strand
What happens after translation?
Protein folding: the polypeptide chain folds into a 3D structure
What type of mutation makes a sequence longer?
Insertion
Do codon circles and codon charts contain the same information?
Yes. Both types of diagrams map 64 possible codons and 20 amino acids.
How does the position of a mutation affect how harmful it is?
A mutation at the end of an amino acid sequence is less harmful as it affects a small number of codons. A mutation at the beginning of an amino acid affects numerous codons, making it more harmful.