protein synthesis

amino acids

100

this three-base sequence on tRNA is complementary to an mRNA codon.

anticodon

200

An amino acid is attached to the tRNA at this end

3' end

300

Wobble pairing occurs between the 5' base of the tRNA anticodon and this position of the mRNA codon

the 3' and third base of the mRNA codon

400

what carried anticodons to the appropriate mrna codon

tRNA

500

Human cells have only 51 different anticodons but need to recognize 61 codons. What mechanism helps make this possible?

wobble base pairing

genetic code

100

This is the three-nucleotide sequence that specifies an amino acid or stop signal.

codon

200

There are this many codons that specify amino acids.

61

300

This codon codes for methionine and typically serves as the start codon

AUG

400

The genetic code is called "degenerate" because most amino acids are specified by this.

more than one codon

500

A mutation changes the third base of an mRNA codon, but the same amino acid is still added.

degeneracy of the genetic code

ribosomes and translation initiation

100

This is the site where an incoming charged tRNA binds.

A site

200

This ribosomal site contains the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain.

p site

300

This region of the ribosome is made entirely of rRNA and catalyzes peptide bond formation.

peptidyl-transferase region

400

in prokaryotes, this mRNA sequence interacts with rRNA to position the start AUG in the P site.

shine delgarno sequence

500

In eukaryotes, the small ribosomal subunit binds the 5' cap and moves in this direction through the 5' UTR to locate the start codon.

5'-3'

other

100

A ribosome is translating an mRNA. The first amino acid is methionine, and the ribosome has established the correct reading frame. What process has just occurred?

translation initiation

200

A mutation changes one amino acid in a protein. Explain why this could potentially change the protein's function.

the amino acid sequence helps determine 3D shape, which determines function

300

why is the ribosome considered a ribozyme?

Because rRNA, rather than ribosomal protein, catalyzes peptide bond formation.

400

A student's mRNA sequence is read from 3' → 5' during translation. What is wrong with this statement?

mRNA is read 5' → 3', and its sequence corresponds to the amino acid sequence from N-terminus → C-terminus

500

What is the major difference between how prokaryotes and eukaryotes locate the start codon?

Prokaryotes use the Shine-Dalgarno sequence; eukaryotic ribosomes bind the 5' cap and scan for an AUG within the appropriate sequence context.