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Mutations
Transcription
Translation
Gene Regulation
Cell Differentiation
100
What is a mutation that mismatches a single base during DNA replication?
What is a substitution mutation?
100
What is the name of the enzyme that catalyzes transcription?
What is RNA polymerase?
100
If the codon of an mRNA strand is UCC, what will the anticodon be?
What is AGG?
100
An operon is the principal mode of gene regulation for what type of cells?
What are prokaryotic cells?
100
The number of genes are different in each eukaryotic cell. True or False?
What is false? All cells have the same amount of DNA.
200
What is the name of the mutation effect that causes Sickle Cell Anemia. It is caused by a change from glutamic acid to valine.
What is a missense mutation. Glutamic Acid is polar and Valine is polar. The conformation (shape) of the hemoglobin protein is disrupted.
200
What are the stages of gene expression in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes go through Transcription and Translation. Eukaryotes go through Transcription, RNA processing, and Translation.
200
What is the length of the gene if its protein product has 15 amino acids and an intron sequence of 10 bases was excised?
What is 58 bases?
200
A series of related genes that function as a unit is defined as:
What is an operon?
200
All cells in an organism contain the same genome. Explain, therefore, why each cell looks different?
Each cell expresses only a certain amount of genes and becomes specialized.
300
What is an inversion mutation?
What is the name of the chromosomal mutation of a hypothetical chromosome that carries genes in the order 1 2 3 4 5, and a mutation reverses the genes to the order 54321?
300
What is the function of a 5’ cap and poly A tail?
These modifications protect the mRNA from degrading (breaking down) and allow it to attach to the small subunit of the ribosome.
300
Which 2 amino acids have the most codons?
What is Leucine and Serine?
300
What is the function of the regulatory gene sequence?
It produces the repressor protein.
300
Describe the method of regulation in eukaryotic cells known as DNA methylation and describe its effect on gene expression.
DNA methylation is when methyl groups are added to the DNA and decrease gene transcription and therefore expression.
400
Mutations provide new traits for natural selection to act upon. Translocations during meiosis also increase genetic diversity.
Why are mutations important in regards to natural selection? Mutations are changes to the genome of an organism. They can be at nucleotide level such as point mutations, or at the chromosomal level such as deletions, insertions, or translocations.
400
Spliceosomes are molecules of small nuclear RNA (snRNA) and protein. What is the function of spliceosomes?
Spliceosomes remove introns and join exons.
400
What is the function of tRNA? (what does it carry on two ends?)
It carries an anticodon on one side and an amino acid on the other side.
400
Eukaryotic cells have an operator that can regulate transcription: true or false?
What is false? Only prokaryotes have operators.
400
Explain how proto-oncogenes can cause cancer. (hint: think about their normal function)
Proto-oncogenes typically regulate cell division. Mutations in this proto-oncogene will convert it to an oncogene, and overstimulation of cellular division will ensue.
500
Technologies such as genetic engineering have allowed scientists to genetically modify organisms to express foreign genes. For example, bacteria have been inserted a human insulin gene. Now insulin production occurs much faster by taking advantage of the prokaryote’s fast life cycle. Why is genetic engineering possible?
Genetic engineering is possible because DNA is the universal code. Protein synthesis is a conserved process; transcription and translation are the same in all types of cells.
500
What is the advantage of alternative RNA splicing?
Multiple combinations of proteins can be translated from a single gene.
500
Provide a possible DNA strand that codes for Glycine, Serine, and Alanine.
Answers will vary, but let's check!
500
How many genes are found in the tryptophan operon?
What is 5?
500
Describe cell determination and cell differentiation using the following key words: master regulatory genes, tissue specific genes, and tissue specific proteins.
Cell determination is the activation of master regulatory genes. Cell differentiation is when these master regulatory genes produce proteins that activate tissue-specific genes that will produce tissue-specific proteins.