Proteins Pt 1a
These are the 3 main players in maintaining protein shape
hydrogen bonds, ionic/salt bonds, hydrophobic bonds
Info encoded in DNA directs synthesis of protein or RNA molecule that has the same effect on cell (50pts) what is the first step in this? (50pts)
What is GENE EXPRESSION; Transcription
______ is the synthesis of RNA from DNA template whereas ____ is the synthesis of a protein using an mRNA template
Transcription; Translation
what 3 things occur is RNA processing (hint this must occur to create mature transcripts to leave the nucleus)
ends altered (polyadenylated), splicing introns, adding a cap
Amino acids that have negatively charged R groups (2)
Aspartate, Glutamate (Asp, Glu)
2 ways to loosen DNA- follow up adds 100pts! Ask Host
1. Use chromatin remodeling complexes (CRC)
2. Chemically modifying histones (a. histone modification, b. DNA methylation)
These code for proteins (1/2 pts) This polymerase transcribes protein coding genes, miRNA genes, plus genes for some small RNA's (1/2 pts)
mRNA; RNA polymerase II
what are the two pathways of alternative RNA processing
Alternative Cleavage and polyasenylation
Alternative EXON splicing
Genetic Code: of the 64 codons
____code for AA's; __ stop signal(s), __start signal(s)
BONUS 100pts ASK HOST
61;3;1
Amino acids with positively charged R groups (3)
Lysine, Arginine, Histidine (Lys, Arg, His)
What are the two chromatin structures that vary in degree of condensation?
BONUS adds 100 per chromatin structures. Ask host
Heterochromatin; Euchromatin
nucleic acid binding proteins, enzymes, signal transduction, transport, defense, structural, miscellaneous
Rules by which info in genetic material is translated into proteins (1/2 pts) ; Where within what steps does this take place? (1/2pts)
BONUS 100pts- ask host!
Genetic Code
Transcription and translation
Accurate translation requires 2 steps, those are...
Match between tRNA and AA; Match between tRNA anticodon and mRNA codon
Amino acids that have aromatic R groups (3)
Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan (Phe, Tyr, Trp)
Transcription steps: Converting DNA to RNA
BONUS adds 100- ask host
-Gene made accessible, DNA template provides instructions for complementary base pairing, RNA polymerase catalyzes incorporation of nucleotides, Chain extension 5'-3', create transcript
Histone Modifications: ____= acetyl groups attached to AAs in histone tails;_____= methly groups added to histone tails;_____= phosphate groups added next to a methylated AA
BONUS!! Add 300pts for explaining what this does to chromatin (Loosen/Condenses)
Histone Acetylation, Histone Methylation, Histone Phosphorylation
What does each subunit on ribosomes do?
Small: matched tRNAs to mRNA codons (base pairing)
Large: catalyzes formation of peptide bonds (makes the bond)
Start Pairing (Hint remember important codons)
5'-AGACCATGAATCCGATGTGACCC-3'
3'-TCTGGTACGTAGGCTACACTGGG-5'
(USE 3')- must start at AGA
5'-AGACCAUGCAUCCGAUGUGACCC-3'
Amino acids that have polar UNCHARGED R groups (5)
Serine, Threonine, Cysteine, Asparagine, Glutamine (Ser, Thr, Cys, Asn, Gln)
The steps in making a protein- define each for 200 extra pts
Chromatin remodeling, Transcription, RNA processing, Transport, Translation, Protein processing, Protein Transport
RNA poly II cannot initiate transcription... so transcription factors are required list the transcription factor steps
BONUS- earns 100 pts ask host!
1. bind to prototor (at TATA box) 2. Position the polymerase 3. seperate the helix, 4. launch the poly (phosphorylation)
Ribosomes have 4 sites; ___binding site for mRNA and __binding sites for tRNA (1/2pts)
what is/are site(s) for tRNA?
A site- aminoacyl tRNA (charged tRNA); P site- peptidyl-tRNA (has growing polypeptide attached); E site- Exit (carries ONLY uncharged tRNA)
5 stages of protein synthesis
1. charging of tRNAs 2. Initiation of translation 3. Elongation 4. Termination and ribosome recycling 5. Folding and post-translational processing
Amino acids that have nonpolar, aliphatic groups (7)
Glycine, Alanine, Proline, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Methionine (Gly, Ala, Pro, Val, Leu, Ile, Met)