Martin Luther & Early Reformation
What did Martin Luther believe was the only way to achieve salvation?
Faith alone.
Who was the main leader of Calvinism?
John Calvin.
Which English king broke away from the Catholic Church?
Henry VIII.
What was the Catholic Church’s response to the Protestant Reformation called?
The Catholic Reformation or Counter-Reformation.
What group was targeted during the Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre?
French Huguenots.
What religious practice did Luther strongly criticize because people were paying money for forgiveness?
The sale of indulgences.
What belief taught that God had already chosen who would be saved?
Predestination.
What church did Henry VIII create after breaking from the Catholic Church?
The Church of England / Anglican Church.
What was the most influential Catholic religious order during the Counter-Reformation?
The Jesuits.
What agreement gave limited religious and political freedoms to French Huguenots?
The Edict of Nantes.
What invention helped Luther’s ideas spread quickly across Europe?
The printing press.
According to Calvinists, where could people find the clearest understanding of God’s word?
By reading the Bible themselves.
What law made the king of England the head of the Church in England?
The Act of Supremacy.
What major Catholic meeting clarified Church teachings and corrected abuses?
The Council of Trent.
What did the Peace of Augsburg allow German princes to do?
Choose whether their territory would be Lutheran or Catholic.
What does the phrase “priesthood of all believers” mean?
All Christians could have a direct relationship with God and did not need the Church hierarchy to interpret faith for them.
What was the Consistory in Calvinist Geneva?
A church court that investigated and disciplined people for improper beliefs or behavior.
How did Henry VIII gain wealth after breaking from the Catholic Church?
He dissolved Catholic monasteries and took their land and wealth.
What was one goal of the Council of Trent?
: To improve the education and discipline of the clergy.
Why did France support Protestant princes in Germany even though France was Catholic?
To weaken the power of the Habsburgs.
Why did Luther eventually condemn the German Peasants’ Revolt?
He needed the support of German princes for his Reformation to survive and spread.
How did Calvinists view hard work and success?
Hard work was pleasing to God, and prosperity could be seen as a possible sign of being among the elect.
How were Henry VIII’s motives different from Martin Luther’s motives?
: Luther challenged Church teachings for religious reasons, while Henry VIII broke from Rome mainly for political and personal reasons, including power and marriage.
What did the Council of Trent decide about indulgences?
Indulgences were still accepted by the Church, but abuses connected to selling them had to be corrected.
How did the Reformation increase the power of political rulers?
Rulers gained more control over religion in their territories, weakened Church authority, and sometimes gained Church lands and wealth.