The Council of Nicea
When was the Council of Nicea?
325 AD
When was the Council of Costantinople?
381 AD
When was the council of Ephesus?
431 AD/Fifth Century
Who is a Hermit (Eremitical Monasticism)?
Person who lives in seclusion from society.
Who is Arius?
- Libyan and Berber ancestry.
- Ordained as a deacon in Alexandria by Pope Peter the 17th and in 311 a priest by Pope Archelous the 18th patriarch.
- Around 318, he started his heresy; he was saying that God divine, but created being. He was created by God the Father, so therefore he always didn't exist and he is God the Father.
Who is Apollinaris?
- Bishop of Laodicea had strongly opposed Arianism but began to philosophize as to how Jesus could be both human & divine.
- He can conclude Jesus was born with a natural body & soul, but instead of having a human spirit, He had the divine logos.
- The logos dominated the body & the soul & made Him divine.
- St. Athanasius excommunicated him in a local synod in Alex. 362 AD.
Explain the terms of Theotokos and Christokos.
The Council of Ephesus in AD 431 decreed that Mary is the Theotokos because her son Jesus is both God and man: one divine person with two natures (divine and human). Christotokos (Christ-bearer) and Theotokos (God-bearer)
Who is Eusebius of Caesarea?
- 263 to 339 AD bishop of Caesarea
- Called the father of the church history, wrote many book & was a close friend of Emperor Constantine.
- He was also a close friend of Eusabius Bishop of Necomedia.
- He is considered Semi Arianist.
Who is Macedonius?
- Bishop of Constantinople had taught that the Holy Spirit is subordinate from both The Father and The Son and was in the level of angles.
- With the support of Emperor Constantius II, the Semi Arian party was able to install him as bishop of Constantinople. He served as bishop for two periods: from 342-349 AD and from 351-360 AD.
- St. Athanasius excommunicated him in a local Synod in Alex. 362 AD.
Who was the "leader" of Theotokos?
St. Cyril of Alexandria
24th Pope
376- 444 AD
Who is St. Athanasius?
- 298-373 AD.
- Before age 20, he wrote "On The Incarnation" explaining that Jesus Christ was God & Man.
- He was a deacon during the Council of Nicaea and the primary person who refused Arius arguments & he was ordained the 20th Patriarch after Pope Alexander died in 328 AD. (1st Patriarch as Monk).
Who are the defenders of the faith of this council?
St. Gregory the Theologian and St. Cyril
Who was the "leader" of Christokos?
Nestorius of Constantinople
Archbishop
386-451 AD
Tabena Monastery:
- Seclusion
- Collective worship
- Abbot=Abba
- Pachomius, the Ascetica
Who wrote the creed and added the statement of anathema in the council of Nicea?
1. Pope Alexandros
2. Athanasius "Defender of the Faith"
3. Leontius, bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia (Syria)
What is the results of the council of Constantinople?
- The addition of the part related to the Holy Spirit to the Nicene Creed "Yes we believe in the Holy Spirit....etc"
- Excommunication of the heretics
- Considering Constantinople as the 2nd Bishop after the Bishop of Rome (Alexandria didn't accept)
- In addition to 7 other organizing laws
What is the results of the council of Ephesus?
- The council laid down the beginning of the creed "We exalt you, O mother of the true Light...."
- The two nature in Christ are united without separation, without confusion, and without alteration
- Excommunication of Nestorius
- Excommunication of Pelagius (original sin did not taint human nature)
Cenobium Monasticism:
Koinas+bios= common life
A group of monks living in community is often referred to as a "cenobium".