ATP Synthesis
DOUBLE JEOPARDY!
How many molecules of ATP are made with the complete oxidation of glucose (according to our book)?
How many of those molecules are made during oxidative phosphorylation?
30
26
What powers the rotation of the c ring?
Proton flow
What is the books description of proton-motive force?
The proton gradient generated by the oxidation of NADH and FADH2
What powers the movement of the gamma subunit?
Rotation of the c ring
DOUBLE JEOPARDY!
What determines the rate of oxidative phosphorylation?
What is this control called?
The need of ATP (the availability of ADp to be converted to ATP)
Respiratory control or acceptor control
Which conformation does a beta subunit of ATP synthase need to be in to synthesize ATP?
T (tight) form
Which conformation must a beta subunit in ATP synthase be in to either release ATP or bind ADP & Pi?
O (open) form
The _______ theory/hypothesis states: "electron transport and ATP synthesis are coupled by a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane"
Chemiosmotic
Which component of ATP synthase is embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane?
F0
What protein regulation ATP synthase?
Inhibitory factor 1 (IF1)
DOUBLE JEOPARDY!
Which complexes generate 1 ATP (each)?
Which complex generates 0.5 ATP?
Complex I, and Complex III
Complex IV
What must enter the mitochondrial matrix in order for ATP to exit?
ADP
What two tissues have large numbers of mitochondria and therefore are more sensitive to mitochondrial mutations?
The alpha and beta subunits in ATP synthase are arranged in what form?
Hexameric ring
Why would some proteins uncouple electron transport and ATP synthesis?
To generate heat
What is the name of the mechanism used in ATP synthesis?
Binding change mechanism
What are the two shuttles NADH can use to enter the mitchondria?
glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle
malate-aspartate shuttle
Why do ATP synthase enzymes form dimers?
Where are the dimers located?
Stabilization
The tips of cristae
How are the F1 and F0 components of ATP synthase connected?
The gamma subunit and the b2 subunit
What is the difference between inhibition of electron transport and uncoupling of the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis?
Inhibition gets rid of the proton-motive force (aka no electron transport and no ATP made)
Uncoupling still allows NADH to transfer its electrons to oxygen but ATP is not made
What makes up the ATP synthasome?
ADP/ATP translocase, phosphate carrier, and ATP synthase
What shuttle is used in the heart and liver?
malate-aspartate shuttle
Proton Motive Force = _______ gradient + _____ gradient
Chemical gradient & charge gradient
How does subunit a contribute to the rotation of the c ring?
The a subunit has two half channels in which protons enter to move across the membrane
Why do the beta subunits of ATP synthase only exist in different conformations at one time? (T,O,L)
**think: what would happen if two were in O at the same time; what issue would this create?**
Each step (T,O,L) is needed for trapping, synthesis, and release.
If two were in the same form at the same time it would mean that one of the steps (trapping, synthesizing, or release of ATP) isn't happening; NO ATP SYNTHESIS.