The Jim Crow Railroad
This phrase describes the emotional and psychological toll that racial discrimination in transportation took on Black travelers during the 19th century.
What is racial trauma?
In addition to racial discrimination, Black women traveling under Jim Crow laws faced this specific kind of threat, which reflected the intersection of race and gender.
What is sexual violence or harassment?
White workers in Northern cities during the 1830s and 1840s often held these views, fearing that the emancipation of enslaved people would threaten their economic stability.
What is racial competition or job displacement anxiety?
This strategy was employed by Black travelers in the 19th century who resisted racial segregation by staying in white-only railway cars.
What is Direct confrontation?
This legal document were often used by Black travelers and their supporters to fight back against the segregation policies of railway companies.
What are injunctions?
This person's letter marked the first time U.S. newspapers printed the term Jim Crow to refer to a physical space.
Who is David Ruggles?
This aspect of Black masculinity was often undermined by Jim Crow laws.
What is manhood or patriarchal authority?
These people, along with black people, were forced to ride in the Jim Crow car
Who are those that destabilized the parameters of white supremacy through their poverty, foreignness and/or their disorderly behavior.
This lawyer and senator activist lawyer argued that segregation violated the constitutional rights of Black passengers, helping to lay the groundwork for future civil rights cases.
Who is Charles Sumner?
This landmark 1841 Massachusetts case allowed African American plaintiffs to sue public transportation companies for discrimination.
What is Roberts v. Boston?
This person, whose brother was an abolitionist, introduced the concept of the separate car to defuse 'racial tension'.
Josiah Quincy Jr.
The exclusion of Black women from first class and ladies cars under Jim Crow laws symbolized this broader societal belief about Black womanhood.
What is the denial of respectability?
This minstrel character refered to a colored traveler, who beat down other people of color, wrestled alligators, seduced multiple women, got drunk, and was unafraid to school President Andrew Jackson on how best to run a country.
Who is (Jumping) Jim Crow?
This group of Black abolitionists made it its mission to chase down slave catchers, expose new york citizens who illegally held slaves, and offer a beacon of hope to self-emancipated people throught the city.
New York Committe on Vigilance
This woman, similar to Rosa Parks, refused to leave her seat in a segregated railway car in the 1850s, sparking a legal challenge.
Who is Elizabeth Jennings?
This frequent traveler and early editor of the late 1830's newspaper The Colored American, argued that acquiescenting with the propriety that white northeners expected contradicted notions of true black respectibility.
Who is Samuel Cornish?
This African American woman was forcibly removed from a segregated streetcar with her baby in her hand by her head and feet, sparking public outrage and becoming a symbol of resistance against transportation discrimination.
Who is Mary Green?
This black activist confesses that he was "unwilling to descend so low as to bandy words with the superintendents, or contest his rights with conductors of any others in the capacities of servants of any stage or steamboat company, or rail-road corporation".
Who is Charles Remond?
This abolitionist wrote a letter to the secretary of state John Clayton to request a official passport with only the information he believed mattered in issuing the document, proof that he was born in the U.S. and a physical description.
Who is William Wells Brown?
This New York City oysterman, coined the father of fine dining, sued the New York trolley system after a driver beat him up when he refused to
Who is Thomas Dowling?