The 3Is
What are interests?
What is the bargaining range?
The range of alternatives to war that both sides find preferable to conflict.
What is the democratic peace?
The phenomenon that democracies fight each other far less than autocracies.
The UN intervention in Korea is an example of what?
Peace enforcement operation
Who are the P5 members of the UN Security Council?
USA, GBR, FRA, RUS, CHN
What is anarchy? Give an example (besides the international order) of anarchy.
A state of affairs in which there is no central authority to make and enforce rules. Example...
Define preventive and preemptive wars.
Preventive war: fought in anticipation of a rival's future power (which will be greater than it is at the moment).
Preemptive war: a war that arises from a security environment and military technology that grants a first-strike advantage.
What are interest groups? Give two examples.
If Trump threatens to impose tariffs on Mexico due to the flow of fentanyl into the US, this is an example of what?
Linkage, coercion
What are the 3 isms? Give a brief description of each
Realism (anarchy, self-help, power)
Liberalism (anarchy, cooperation)
Constructivism (perceptions, identity)
What is linkage, and how does it facilitate bargaining? Give an example.
What is resolve? Give two examples of specific ways states demonstrate resolve.
A state's willingness to bear the costs of fighting and the value they place on the good in dispute. Three ways to demonstrate resolve are: 1) brinkmanship, 2) tying hands, 3) paying for power.
What is a diversionary war, and why do leaders initiate them? Give an example.
Wars aimed at sparking public support within a state- the "rally around the flag effect". Argentina's invasion of the Falkland Islands.
China and Vietnam are in conflict over claims in the South China Sea. If Vietnam sends dozens of coast guard and navy ships to patrol the waters it claims, this is an example of what bargaining technique?
Brinkmanship
What is the difference between an alliance and a collective security organization? Give an example of each.
An alliance is an institution between 2 or more states that help members cooperate during war. NATO, Warsaw Pact.
A collective security organization is an institution facilitating cooperation, whose main goal is to prevent violent changes to the status quo. UN, ASEAN.
How does iteration help solve the Prisoner's Dilemma? Provide an example of something that provides iteration in world politics.
Iteration facilitates cooperation through the threat of withholding future cooperation. International organizations are one example of forces that provide iteration.
What are indivisble goods? Give two reasons why indivisible goods may not be as big an issue as people think.
How do domestic interests affect bargaining during war?
Domestic interests can shape the costs and benefits of war, which moves the bargaining range.
Define what a coordination problem is, and give an example.
Actors only need to agree on an outcome, and once that outcome is reached, neither side benefits from defecting. ATC language, driving on which side of the road, radio/TV waves...
What is the Peace of Westphalia? What modern concept did it help determine?
An era where conflict between European states was relatively low and borders were generally solidified. It introduced the concept of territorial (or Westphalian) sovereignty, that states should not interfere in each others' territory.
What are the two reasons a state might comply with an international institution's rules, even if those rules are costly to the state?
1) the broader gains from cooperation outweigh the immediate costs of compliance
2) institutions are expensive to establish and creating new, parallel ones often costs more than complying with existing ones.
What are the three reasons some scholars believe are responsible for the recent decline in interstate war?
1) lower value of territory for military power
2) the deadliness and efficiency of new military technology
3) democratization and international organizations
What is Kant's explanation for why democracies go to war less? Hint: he said that for monarchs, "the easiest thing in the world to do is declare war".
If the ruler is accountable to the people, they will bear the costs of war as well- in comparison, in monarchies, only the people bear the costs of war. This makes leaders think twice because they too may be hurt (in many ways).
When the US threatened Iraq if it chose to invade Kuwait, what element of crisis bargaining did Iraq believe the US lacked? Why?
Credibility- Saddam Hussein thought the US would not follow through on intervention, because American society would not tolerate the risk of escalation or the possible deaths in battle.
What is the difference between a peace enforcement and a peacekeeping operation? Define both.
Peace enforcement: an actor attempts to impose peace by intervening forcefully during an ongoing conflict.
Peacekeeping: a third-party aims to maintain stability and peace after the conclusion of a conflict.