Federalism
type of federalism where the federal government and state governments have distinct, non-overlapping spheres of power, prominent until 1937. also know as layer-cake federalism
Dual Federalism
a landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision ruling that Congress has implied powers under the Necessary and Proper Clause to create a national bank, and that states cannot tax federal institutions
McCulloch v Maryland
gives Congress the authority to pass all laws needed to execute its explicitly granted constitutional powers, allows the federal government to create implied powers. also called the elastic clause! used in McCulloch v Maryland
Necessary and Proper Clause
a federal law or rule that forces states and local governments to carry out federal rules or programs without providing enough money to pay for them, prominent in coercive federalism (two words)
Unfunded Mandate
a system of government where national, state, and local levels share power and work together, also known as marble cake federalism. started during FDR era
Cooperative Federalism
the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Congress has the power under the Commerce Clause to ban racial discrimination in public accommodations
Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
grants Congress the power to regulate commerce with foreign nations, among the several states, and with Indian tribes, including inter-state commerce. used in Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. US
Commerce Clause
a transfer of money from a higher-level government to a lower-level government to fund a specific project or program, used in cooperative federalism (ex: public highways, Medicaid, and local school programs)
Grant-in-Aid
a system of governance where the national government uses financial penalties, mandates, and preemption rules to force state and local governments to follow national policies
Coercive Federalism
a federal law that penalizes states by reducing their federal highway funding if they allow people under 21 to buy or publicly possess alcohol, non-compliant states lose a percentage of federal highway money (example of coercive federalism!)
National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984
protects the power of individual states and the people by stating that any powers not given to the federal government belong to the states or to the public
10th Amendment
a historical event that increased manufacturing and inter-state commerce, grew size of government
Industrial Revolution
political philosophy that transfers power and responsibility from the federal government back to state and local governments
New Federalism
the statutory transfer of power and authority from a central government to subnational, regional, or local governments
Devolution
grants Congress the power to collect taxes and spend public money
Taxing and Spending Clause
a historical event that allowed the government greater control over the economy
The Great Depression
Devolution largely occurs through this federal entity
The Supreme Court
through these two historical events occurring in the 50s and 60s, the U.S. government increased their influence/control over cultural values and messaging (ex: forced desegregation, communist propaganda)
Cold War/Civil Rights Movement