Musculoskeletal Tissue
Name the three types of muscle tissue.
Smooth, Cardiac, Skeletal
Name the parts of a motor unit.
Motor/Effector Neuron, Axon, Muscle Fibres
Which muscle name is the 3 points of attachment for that muscle?
sternocleidomastoid
What are the three muscle fibre types and names?
Type 1- Slow Oxidative
Type 2A- Fast Oxidative Glycolytic
Type 2B- Fast Glycolytic
Trace the pathway of blood flow through the heart, listing chambers and major valves in order.
Superior and inferior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, left atrium, mitral/bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic valve
Which muscle tissue type is fatigue resistant and why (mention striations and control)?
Cardiac and Smooth
Card-Striated, Involuntary & Smooth- Non-striated, Involuntary
State the All-or-None Principle in your own words and explain its implication for whole-muscle force production.
All fibres in the motor unit will contract if stimulated to do so. For max muscle force production, multiple motor units will be recruited
What is the origin of the biceps brachii?
scapula- Supraglenoid tubercle and coracoid process
For slow-twitch (type I): list three characteristics (myoglobin, duration, activity type)
Myoglobin- High concentration, duration-long duration, Activity- Long-distance running, triathalon etc
Define systolic and diastolic blood pressure and give a typical normal adult BP range
Systolic- pressure in arteries following contraction of LV
Diastolic- pressure during repolarization/filling of the heart
120/80
What is the location of your Semimembranosis?
Hamstring, Medial
What substance is released in the neuromuscular junction?
Acetylcholine (ACH)
What is the function of the rectus femoris?
Lower leg extension
Define lactate threshold and explain how it differs between trained and untrained individuals
The point at which lactic acid builds up in the muscle and onsets fatigue. Trained have a higher/prolonged lactate threshold and can get rid of excess lactic acid quicker.
What is bradycardia and tachycardia?
Brady-resting HR below 60bpm Tachy-resting HR BOVE 100BPM
Compare isotonic and isometric contractions and give one exercise example for each
Isotonic- constant tension to move the load Ex.Tempo training 3 up 3 down or bicep curl with controlled eccentric
Isometric- Muscles don't move- Plank
Sliding Filament Theory- what happens to actin, myosin, and sarcomere length during contraction.
Actin attaches to the myosin via actin binding site. Actin pulls myosin and reattaches further down. Sarcomere shortens.
3 muscles are responsible for extension and lateral flexion of the spine. What are they?
Spinalis, Longissimus and iliocostalis
What is total lung capacity?
the max amount of air the lungs can hold after a max inhalation
Define cardiac output and list its components (equation) who would have a higher cardiac output; trained or untrained?
The total amount of blood pumped through the heart in one minute. Stroke Volume (SV) and HR (BPM). trained would have higher Q because they have a higher SV and fewer bpm.
Using a leg extension, explain a eccentric, concentric and isometric phase of the movement. BONUS-Which phase would produce the most force for this movement?
eccentric- knee comes down to 90
concentric- straighten the leg
Iso-Hold
Describe the trigger mechanism: how Ca2+, troponin, and tropomyosin interact to allow cross-bridge cycling.
Ca2+ released, triggers release of troponin and tropomyosin to expose the actin binding site on the myosin
What is the origin, insertion and function of the gastrocnemius?
O- medial and lateral femoral condyle I- calcaneus F- foot plantar flexion, knee flexion
Explain a-vO2 difference. Would trained or untrained individuals have a higher value? Explain
the amount of oxygen in the arteries on the way to working muscles and tissues as opposed to the amount in the ventricles returning to the heart. athletes have a higher difference meaning they are more efficient at converting oxygen into energy.
P wave, QRS complex, and T wave — state which cardiac event each represents
p-ATRIAL DEPOLARIZATION
QRS- ventricular depolarization
T- ventricular repolarization