Peripheral Nerves
Identify the major subdivisions of the nervous system
What is the
1. Peripheral Nervous System and
2. Central Nervous System (Brain and Spinal Cord)
Identify the components of a typical reflex arc
What are:
1. Sensory Nerve
2. Cell Body of Sensory Neuron
3. Cell Body of Motor Neuron
4. Motor Neuron
5. Effector
Identify the four functional characteristics that enable movement in muscle cells
What are:
1. Extensibility (The ability to stretch when not contracting)
2. Excitability (The ability to receive and respond to a stimulus)
3. Contractility (The ability to shorten in response to adequate electrical stimulation)
4. Elasticity (The ability to recoil and regain the resting length after being stretched)
The components of blood
What are:
1. Plasma
2. Red Blood Cells
3. Buffy Coat (White Blood Cells and Platelets)
Identify the components of an ECG
What are:
1. P Wave: Atrial depolarization
2. QRS Complex: Ventricular depolarization (atrial repolarization is hidden)
3. T Wave: Ventricular repolarization
Identify the subdivisions of a typical peripheral nerve.
What is:
1. Somatic Nervous System: Voluntary NS, carries information from the CNS to skeletal muscles
2. Autonomic Nervous System: Involuntary NS, regulate the activity of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands
Identify the two types of reflex arcs
What are:
1. Monosynaptic: consists of only two neurons (one sensory and one motor neuron)
2. Polysynaptic: one or more interneurons connect sensory and motor signals
What is Acetylcholine (ACh)
The significance of hemoglobin in blood
What is iron containing component in red blood cells to carry and transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues
Identify the Electrical Conduction Pathway of the Heart
What is:
1. The Sino-Atrial (SA) Node
2. The Atrio-Ventricular (AV) Node
3. The bundle of His
4. The left and right bundle branches
5. The Purkinje fibers.
The order of connective tissues surrounding each nerve fiber, fascicle, and nerve from deep to superficial
1. Endoneurium
2. Perineurium
3. Epineurium
Identify the components of the flexion withdrawal reflex
What are:
1. Motor innervation
2. Excitatory interneuron
3. Inhibitory interneuron
4. Sensory Nerve
List the sequence of events of neuromuscular transmission in skeletal muscles
What are:
1. Signal from the neuron
2. Calcium entry into nerve terminal
3. ACh release into neuromuscular junction and binding receptors
4. Action Potential generated in muscle
5. Contraction occurs (requires ATP)
Describe the four main blood types and their specific components
What are:
1. Type A: Contain A antigens and B antibodies
2. Type B: Contain B antigens and A antibodies
3. Type AB: Contain A and B antigens and no antibodies
4. Type O: Contain no antigens and A and B antibodies
List the six chest leads
What are:
1. V1: Right 4th intercostal space
2. V2: Left 4th intercostal space
3. V3: Left midway between V2 and V4
4. V4: Left 5th intercostal space, mid-clavicular line
5. V5: Horizontal level as V4, along the anterior axillary line
6. V6: Horizontal level as v4, along mid-axillary line
Describe the phases of a refractory period
What is:
1. Absolute Refractory Period: when it is possible to initiate a second action potential
2. Relative Refractory Period: the period a stimulus of greater than normal intensity can elicit a response
Identify synaptic links in the flexion withdrawal reflex
What are:
1. Stimulation of pain sensory neurons stimulates flexor muscles
2. Flexor muscles withdraw the stimulated limb
3. Antagonistic muscles in the same limb are inhibited
Identify the skeletal muscle structure from superficial to deep
What is:
1. Muscle (organ)
2. Muscle fascicle
3. Muscle fiber
4. Myofibril
5. Sarcomere
6. Actin and Myosin
Describe what happens if incompatible blood is mixed
What is agglutination. This is when the antibodies with recognize the antigens of the incompatible blood and bind to them to form clumps to eliminate the antigen group. This can lead to permanent damage and death.
The lead with the largest R wave
What is Lead II
Identify the factors affecting the rate of propagation of action potentials along a nerve fiber
What is:
1. Axon diameter (The larger the diameter, the faster the rate)
2. Internode distance (the closer the length to travel, the faster the rate)
3. Thickness of the myelin sheath (the thicker, the faster the rate)
Examples of upper motor neuron lesions vs lower motor neuron lesions
What are:
1. Upper motor neuron lesions: muscle paresis, clasp-knife rigidity, muscle weakness without wasting, abnormal reflexes because the inhibitory influences of the upper motor neurons on the lower is lost or impaired
2. Lower motor neuron lesions: muscle paresis, muscle paralysis, muscle wasting, hypotonia, atone, hyporeflexia, areflexiva, muscle fasciculation, muscle fibrillations
The difference between isometric and isotonic contractions
What is:
1. Isometric contractions: the length of the muscle is unchanged during the contraction (examples: balancing on toes, holding a plank, pushing against a wall)
2. Isotonic contractions: the length of the muscle length changes and as it does the same tension is maintained. There are two types concentric which shortens the muscle length and eccentric which lengths the muscle length (examples: bicep curls, running up a hill, swimming)
What is:
1. LDL (Bad Cholesterol) deposits waxy fat into blood vessels which can lead to blockages
2. HDL (Good Cholesterol) picks up LDL and transports it back to the liver for processing
A 12 lead ECG uses this many electrodes
What is 10 electrodes