BEFORE THE BADGE (DAY 13)
Under the 1285 Statute of Winchester, the duty to raise an alarm, and everyone else's duty to answer it.
Hue and cry.
From the 1830s to 1900, police jobs were handed out as political favors. Name the era.
The political era. The practice is patronage.
The Minnesota board that licenses peace officers and can revoke a license.
The POST Board (Peace Officer Standards and Training).
The amendment behind the Miranda warning.
The 5th Amendment: the right to remain silent.
The term for crime that happens and is never recorded.
The dark figure of crime.
American policing inherited three things from England. Name two of them.
Any two: limited police authority · local control · a decentralized, fragmented system.
The Berkeley chief, 1905 to 1932, known as the father of American police professionalism.
August Vollmer.
Minnesota, 1967 and 1977. Say what happened in each year.
1967: the Peace Officer Training Board. 1977: the POST Board, the first peace officer licensing system in the United States.
The amendment that applies the Bill of Rights to state and local agencies, and the term for that.
The 14th Amendment. Incorporation.
The household survey that catches crime never reported to police.
The NCVS, the National Crime Victimization Survey.
Name the mission, the strategy, and the structure that made the 1829 London force new.
Mission: crime prevention. Strategy: preventive patrol on fixed beats. Structure: quasi-military, with ranks, uniforms, and a command system.
The professional era raised the standards for hiring and training. Name one cost of that reform.
Any one: the reformers wrote nothing about controlling officer conduct, and that discussion did not begin until the 1960s · militarization · rank-and-file officers resisted reform (the 1919 Boston police strike ended with every striker fired) · officers lost contact with the community (Kerner Commission, 1968).
Three Minnesota statutes: 626.84, 626.843, and 626.845. Say what each one does.
626.84 defines who is a peace officer. 626.843 is the POST standards and rules authority; PPOE rests on it. 626.845 is the licensing power.
The 8th Amendment bans cruel and unusual punishment. Where does it set the minimum standard: on patrol or in corrections? Explain.
In corrections, after conviction. Force during a stop or an arrest is a 4th Amendment question: objective reasonableness, Graham v. Connor (1989).
The UCR rule counts only the most serious offense in an incident, and it affects the count.
The hierarchy rule. It undercounts crime.
This American system held full legal authority and no legitimacy from the people it policed. Name it and explain.
Slave patrols. The law granted authority (South Carolina, 1704; the Negro Act of 1740). The people being policed never conferred legitimacy. Accept the political-era department for a reason.
In 2015 this body named "building trust and nurturing legitimacy" its foundational principle.
The President's Task Force on 21st Century Policing.
Name the three limits on an officer's authority.
The Constitution · the statutes · department policy, which is sometimes stricter than the law.
A bystander records officers from a public sidewalk during a protest. Name the amendment, the shield, and the leash.
The 1st Amendment. Shield: speech, assembly, protest, and recording police. Leash: the officer allows lawful protest and recording.
Name three of the five questions to ask of any crime claim.
Any three: Which measure? · What years? · Rate or raw count? · What is it missing? · What is the source?
The "nine principles" carry Peel's name. Who wrote the 1829 General Instructions, and who numbered the nine principles in 1948?
Commissioners Charles Rowan and Richard Mayne wrote the General Instructions. Historian Charles Reith numbered the nine in 1948. The idea holds up: police power rests on public approval and cooperation.
State the problem pattern for reform. Then give one example for each half.
Each reform fixes one problem but creates another. Example: Professionalism took policing out of political control and left officer conduct without rules. Accept any example that names the fix and the new problem.
Rank these from highest to lowest: local ordinance, state statute, U.S. Constitution, federal statute.
U.S. Constitution, federal statute, state statute, local ordinance. When two laws conflict, the higher one governs.
Minnesota v. Dickerson (1993). State what the officer did that went too far, and the rule for a frisk.
The officer squeezed and manipulated a lump in a pocket to decide what it was. A frisk is a search for weapons only. Under "plain feel," an officer may seize an object only if its identity is immediately apparent by touch.
A neighborhood reports very little crime to police. Name the two things that can mean, and explain why a crime number is partly a trust score.
Low crime, or low trust. People who distrust the police report less, so the official number reflects trust as well as crime.