Founders & Early Schools of Psychology
He is often called the “father of psychology” and founded the first psychology lab in 1879.
Wilhelm Wundt
The use of evidence gained through experience and observation to answer questions.
Empirical Methods
A pioneering psychological researcher in the late 1800s who in his research with twins, coined the term "nature vs. nurture."
Francis Galton
This refers to achieving goals that align with personal values and standards.
Goal attainment
Rejected structuralism, arguing that we should look at the mind as a whole because the whole of personal experience is different from simply the sum of its constituent elements.
Gestalt Theory
This early school of thought focused on the purpose of mental processes rather than their structure.
Functionalism
Carefully watching behavior in real-world settings without manipulating variables.
Naturalistic Observation
This theory focuses on social roles, age norms, and historical context shaping development.
Life course theories
A goal-setting strategy that contrasts current reality with a desired future.
mental contrasting
This refers to emotional experiences such as happiness, stress, and sadness.
Hedonic well-being
This student of Wundt developed Structuralism and focused on breaking consciousness into basic elements.
Edward Titchener
A structured way of watching and recording behaviour to reduce bias.
Systematic Observation
Refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope.
Goodness of fit
Specific “if–then” plans that link situations to goal-directed actions.
Implementation Intentions
Name all five aspects of an ethical experiment.
Informed consent, confidentiality, privacy, understanding risks/benefits, and debriefing
This approach emphasized observable behavior and rejected introspection.
Behaviorism
This approach to intelligence focuses on performance on standardized tests.
Psychometric Approach
A description of the negative effects of family financial difficulty on child adjustment through the effects of economic stress on parents' depressed mood, increased marital problems, and poor parenting.
Family Stress Model
The ability to suppress irrelevant information while focusing on what matters.
Inhibitory functioning
3 types of sexism
Ambivalent sexism: A form of sexism characterized by attitudes about women that reflect both negative, resentful beliefs and feelings and affectionate and chivalrous but potentially patronizing beliefs and feelings.
Hostile sexism: The negative element of ambivalent sexism, which includes the attitudes that women are inferior and incompetent relative to men.
Benevolent sexism: The "positive" element of ambivalent sexism, which recognizes that women are perceived as needing to be protected, supported, and adored by men.
Studied how humans use perception to function in our environment. Helped develop a theory of emotion.
William James (founder of functionalism)
This major shift in psychology brought attention back to mental processes like memory and thinking.
Cognitive Revolution
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development (hint: 4)
During each stage of development, children form new schemas.
(1) Sensorimotor (0-2 years),
(2) Preoperational (2-6 years),
(3) Concrete Operational (7-12 years),
Formal operational (12 years-adult).
Type of intellectual ability that relies on the application of knowledge, experience, and learned information.
VS
Type of intelligence that relies on the ability to use information processing resources to reason logically and solve novel problems.
Crystallized vs Fluid Intelligence
A neuroimaging technique that infers brain activity by measuring changes in light as it is passed through the skull and surface of the brain.
DOI (Diffuse Optical Imaging)