Science of Learning
The science of behavior and mental processes
Psychology
As a psych major, you will hear this phrase about correlation over and over again.
correlation does not equal causation.
The three types of research
Descriptive, Experimental, Correlational
A police officer gives you a traffic ticket for going 50 on Shields approaching Laurel. What type of conditioning is this?
Positive Punishment
The father of psychology
Wilhelm Wundt
This study technique involves sessions that are repeated and distributed over time.
spacing
In experimental research, what is the name of the group that does not receive treatment?
the control group
What are the 3 types of descriptive research experiments?
Case study, naturalistic observations, and surveys
B.F. Skinner’s experiments using rats attempted to shape the animals’ behavior using reinforcement and punishment, this process is known as
Operant conditioning
This theory of psychology proposed that learned behaviors are from observation and conditioning.
Behaviorism
For this exam a student studied an hour a day on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday. What is this the name of this type of spacing technique?
Between-session
A researcher wants to know whether amount of screen time will affect quality of sleep in college students. What is the IV and what is the DV?
Independent: screen time, Dependent: quality of sleep
What is a theory in scientific research and why are they helpful?
A theory is an idea that is meant to explain an observation and they can help promote more research.
This classical conditioning component involves an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response.
conditioned stimulus
The 3 traits required to have a scientific attitude.
1) curiosity
2) skepticism
3) humility
The two ways in which sleeping between study sessions helps learning.
solidifies new knowledge & allows you to create new connections.
A researcher tested caffeine's impact on focus by giving two groups pills before a logic exam. Group 1 received real caffeine pill, while Group 2 got a sugar pill. Both were told the pills would help them focus. Surprisingly, Group 2 reported feeling nearly twice as focused as Group 1, despite not having caffeine. This is an example of...
The Placebo Effect
What is a double-blind?
A experimental design where both the participants AND the researchers don't know who has been assigned to which condition.
A backpacker for the past 10 miles has been out of water and are starting to get dizzy and parched. This specific type of reinforcer is making them realize they need to find water as soon as possible.
Primary Reinforcer
Two influential women involved in psychology.
Mary Whiton Calkins (First woman APA president)
Margaret Floy Washburn (First woman to receive a phD)
The study method that was most effective for memorization in Kornell & Bjork's 2008 study where researchers asked participants to memorize artists' styles.
Interleaving: mixed artist styles were more effective for memorization.
The 4 ethics codes for research from the APA
Informed consent, protect from harm, confidentiality, debriefing participants
What is an operational definition?
A statement of the exact procedures used in a research study.
In Behaviorism, psychology should be a(n) ____ science but does not study behavior without reference to __________.
Objective & Mental Processes
Cognitive, Evolutionary, Cross-Cultural/Gender, and Positive Psychology all fall under this umbrella of modern psychology:
Contemporary Psychology