Intro to Stats (1)
The statistical software program frequently used
in the behavioral sciences
What is SPSS?
The sets of scores are distributed into Intervals.
What is Grouped Data?
What is the probability equation?
What is p(x)= f(x)/sample
space.
An unbiased estimator of the population mean
What is the sample mean?
What are the 4 steps in hypothesis testing?
1. State the null and alternative hypotheses
2. Set the criterion for a decision using statistical tables
3. Compute the test statistics
4. Make a decision
The procedures typically used to quantify measured behaviors
What is Descriptive Statistics?
The sum of scores divided by the total number of scores summed
What is Mean?
The term for the tails of a normal distribution never touching the axis, allowing for outliers to be accounted for.
What is Asymptotic?
A theoretical symmetrical bell-shaped distribution of the means of several samples. In the center the true population mean is found.
What is a sampling distribution?
Reject or retain; Is it significant?
1) H0 = p > .05
2) H0 = p < .05
1) Retain; not statistically significant
2) Reject; statistically significant
The subset of a population
What is a Sample?
The margin of uncertainty around your sample mean.
What describes how far a raw score deviates from the mean when measured in standard deviation units?
z-Scores
What is the law of large numbers and what is the direct relationship that comes from it?
- Sampling distribution follows the law of large numbers: the larger the sample size, the more likelihood to obtain significant results.
- as sample size increases, the standard error decreases, causing the z-scores to increase, and the p-value will decrease
What is Cohen's d and list out the levels
- Effect size
d < 0.2 = small
0.2 < d < 0.8 = medium
d > 0.8 = large
The research method for the following statement: "Students that drank caffeine before a test did better than students that drank water."
What is Experimental Design?
The measure best reported with the mean
What is Standard Deviation?
What are the 3 properties of probability?
1. Varies between 0 and 1
2. It can be written in three ways (fraction, decimal, percent)
3. Probability can never be negative
A theory that states that if a sufficiently large sample is taken from any population, the distribution of sample means will be approximately normally distributed
What is Central Limit Theorem?
Explain Type I and Type II Errors
Type I: reject a null hypothesis that is actually true; false positive
Type II: fail to reject null hypothesis that is actually false; false negative
The scale of measurement with order, equal units, and absolute zero
What is Ratio?
The three types of graphs for continuous data: Histogram, Frequency polygons, and...
What is Ogive Graphs?
What are the 6 properties of normal distribution?
1. The normal distribution is mathematically defined
2. The normal distribution is theoretical -- in real life sample data only approximates ND
3. Symmetrical 50%of scores above and below the mean. Mean, median, mode are at the same and located at the 50th percentile
4. It is defined by the mean and he standard deviation
5. The tails of a normal distribution are asymptotic -- allows for outliers
6. Total area under the curve is 1 or 100%
________ is conducted to test statistical theories and replacement is conducted to ensure the same probability of selection. On the other hand, ______ is chosen when studies in the behavioral sciences are conducted, but order is not important.
What sampling with and without replacement?
What increases power? Include whether they increase or decrease.
- Sample size increases; power increases
- Effect size increases; power increases
- p value decreases; power increases