Learning
What does a neutral stimulus become after it triggers a response through conditioning?
Conditioned Stimulus
What are the three key processes of memory?
Encoding, Storage, Retrieval
What do we call the tendency to rely on previously successful strategies even when they no longer work?
Mental Set
Who introduced the first IQ test for adults and emphasized the importance of normal distribution?
David Wechsler
What are the three stages of prenatal development?
Germinal, Embryonic, Fetal
In operant conditioning, what process involves reinforcing closer approximations of a desired behavior?
Shaping
According to levels-of-processing theory, which type of encoding leads to the strongest memory?
Semantic Encoding
What are the three types of problems identified in problem solving?
Problems of structure, arrangement, and transformation
What is the formula for calculating IQ in the original Stanford-Binet test?
(Mental Age ÷ Chronological Age) × 100
What developmental milestone occurs when infants recognize objects still exist when out of sight?
Object Permanence
What kind of reinforcement schedule is most resistant to extinction and why?
Variable-Ratio, because reinforcement is unpredictable
What’s the temporary store of information with a limit of about 3–5 items unless chunked?
Short-Term Memory
What’s a common barrier where someone assumes limitations that don’t actually exist?
Unnecessary Constraints
Which psychologist argued for 8 independent types of intelligence?
Howard Gardner
Which Piagetian stage involves mastering conservation and reversibility?
Concrete Operational Stage
According to Bandura, what process must happen first for observational learning to occur?
Attention
What is the term for vivid, detailed memories of significant events that feel very accurate but may not be?
Flashbulb Memories
What theory states that people use simple strategies that often result in suboptimal decisions?
Theory of Bounded Rationality
Bilinguals often perform better on what two cognitive skills, compared to monolinguals?
Attention control and cognitive flexibility
What is the term for a baby’s emotional distress when separated from their caregiver?
Separation Anxiety
What’s the key difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?
Negative reinforcement increases behavior by removing something unpleasant, while punishment decreases behavior by introducing something unpleasant.
What is the phenomenon called when misleading information alters one's memory of an event?
Misinformation Effect
What’s it called when a solution to a problem suddenly emerges after a break from trying to solve it?
Incubation Effect
What is a key difference between cognition research and intelligence research?
Cognition research focuses on the process of thinking, while intelligence research focuses on measuring how well people think.
According to Kohlberg, what does moral reasoning focus on in the postconventional stage?
Abstract ethical principles and personal moral standards