Classical Conditioning
A biologically significant environmental event that can elicit an instinctive reaction without any experience or prior learning
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the CS
Generalization
The addition of a pleasant stimulus to increase or maintain a behavior
Positive Reinforcement
Event added to the environment that increases the frequency of the behavior that produces it
Positive Reinforcer
When we become less responsive to a stimulus after repeated exposure
Habituation
An innate reaction to an unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned Response (UR)
Learning to respond to a specific stimulus but not to similar stimuli
Discrimination
The addition of an aversive stimulus to decrease a behavior
Positive Punishment
The termination of an aversive event, which reinforces the behavior that terminated the aversive event
Negative Reinforcer
When we become more responsive to a stimulus after repeated exposure
Sensitization
A previously neutral stimulus that becomes able to elicit a learned response as a result of being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
An active learning process where there is a weakening of the CR to the CS in the absence of the US
Extinction
Negative Reinforcement
Punishment
When behaviors are learned not by receiving explicit reinforcement but by observing another person’s actions
Modeling
A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus to make up the conditioning paradigm. Oftentimes a similar reaction as the unconditioned response
Conditioned Response (CR)
The reappearance of an extinct behavior after a delay
Spontaneous Recovery
Negative Punishment
The action taken to increase or maintain behavior more generally
Reinforcement
The theory of how people’s cognitions, behaviors, and dispositions are shaped by observing and imitating the actions of others
Social Learning Theory
If your friend thinks you have bad taste in music, and your friend is highly unethical, they may try to fix your taste in music by shocking you each time you listen to a song they don’t like.
At first, the song doesn't elicit any response from you. After repeated pairings of the song + electric shock, you start to flinch and expect pain anytime the song is played
US - electric shock
UR - pain
CS - song
CR - flinching & fear after hearing the song
Your roommate gets up to check the door each time they hear a notification on their phone. This annoys you, because they keep opening the door at random times, especially at night. You decide to play the same phone notification sound every five minutes. Eventually your roommate stops getting up to check the door. This is an example of____
Extinction
Learning is weaker when there is _______ time in between the behavior and the subsequent response
More
A pause in behavior following reinforcement on a ratio schedule, which is followed by resumption of responding at the intensity characteristic of that ratio schedule
Post-Reinforcement Pause
Form of learning where we make connections between stimuli & behavioral responses
Associative Learning