Classical Conditioning
In a famous study, Watson and Rayner used what type of learning _____ to induce a fear of rats in an 11-month-old baby.
Classing conditioning
_____ is the application of a consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior recurring.
Punishment
What is the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers? Define both and give an example of both.
Primary reinforcers - Reinforcers that are innately reinforcing, such as those that satisfy biological needs
Ex. Food, water
Secondary reinforcers - Serve as reinforcers through their repeated pairings with primary reinforcers
Ex. Money, compliments, hugs
What are the two different memory contents?
Declarative memory - memory for facts and events
Procedural memory - memory for how to do things
Which type of memory use involves conscious effort and which does not?
Explicit memory involves effort and implicit does not.
Conditioned taste aversion is a form of classical conditioning that occurs when an organism learns to associate:
a) any two unrelated stimuli
b) punishment with specific eating behaviors
c) an object with a negative emotion
d) the taste of a particular food or drink with illness
d) the taste of a particular food or drink with illness
Which example reflects positive reinforcement?
a) A child screams that he doesn't want to eat his beans, so his parent removes the beans from his plate
b) A child learns to let people off an elevator before boarding it herself by watching her parents
c) A woman gets out of bed in the middle of the night to let her whimpering dog outside
d) A man receives a certificate after successfully completing an online training program
d) A man receives a certificate after successfully completing an online training program
What are the two different types of reinforcement? Define both.
Continuous reinforcement - Reinforces the behavior each and every time it occurs
Partial reinforcement - Reinforces the behavior intermittently
What are the two types of declarative memory? Define both and give an example.
Episodic memory - memory for personal events
Ex. Remembering your first day of school
Semantic memory - memory for facts and the basic meanings of words and concepts
Ex. Knowing basic math
What is the correct order of the memory process? Then, define each term. What are examples of recall and recognition?
Encoding - storage - retrieval
Encoding - Initial processing of information that leads to a representation in memory
Storage - Retention of encoded material over time
Retrieval - Recovery of stored information at a later time
Recall - answering a short answer question on a test
Recognition - picking an answer to a multiple-choice question
One of the most basic forms of learning occurs during the process of _____, which is evident when an organism doesn't respond as strongly or as often to an event or occurrence after multiple exposures to that event.
Habituation
Sheldon received a speeding ticket. The police officer told Sheldon that she was giving him the ticket to reduce his speeding behavior. The officer was using:
Positive punishment
What are ratio schedules? What are the two different types of ratio scheduling? Discuss and define. Then, come up with an example of both
Ratio schedules - based on the number of responses
Fixed ratio - every so many - reinforcement after every nth behavior
Ex. Buy 2 get one free
Variable ration - after unpredictable number - reinforcement after a random number of behaviors
Ex. Playing the slot machine
What is the information-processing model of memory? What does it involve? Make sure to define each step.
The information-processing model says that each stage of memory has a certain type of storage.
Sensory memory - Represents physical features of sensory stimuli for a few seconds or less
Short-term memory - Can temporarily maintain and process limited information for longer periods (30 seconds)
Long-term memory - Nearly unlimited capacity
What is the difference between the primacy and recency effect? What is chunking?
Primacy effect - Enhanced recall of information at the beginning of a list
Recency effect - Enhanced recall of information at the end of a list
Chunking - reconfiguring items by grouping them on the basis of similarity or some other organizing principle
Priscilla never used to care about driving in heavy traffic on the highway. Ever since she got rear-ended on the highway in heavy traffic, however, she gets nervous anytime there is heavy traffic. In classical conditioning terms, her response to the traffic is now a(n):
Conditioned response
Elizabeth has noticed that her cat comes to her for food but not to her roommate. Elizabeth tends to feed her cat, whereas her roommate tends to shoo the cat out of the way. The cat's behavior demonstrates:
The law of effect - behaviors that are followed by a satisfying outcome are more likely to be repeated, while behaviors that are followed by an unsatisfying outcome are less likely to be repeated
What are interval schedules? What are the two different types? Define and give examples of each
Interval schedules - based on time since the last reward
Fixed interval - every so often - reinforcement for behavior after a fixed amount of time
Ex. Taco Tuesday discounts
Variable interval - unpredictably often - reinforcement for behavior after a random amount of time
Ex. Checking your text messages
What is the difference between proactive interference and retroactive interference? Define the terms and give an example of both.
Proactive interference - Old information interferes with newly learned information
Ex. A teacher having trouble remembering the names of new students because they confuse them with the students from last year
Retroactive interference - New information interferes with information learned in the past
Ex. Forgetting your old phone number after getting a new one
Jerry suffered a brain injury when a steel beam fell on his head. He cannot remember anything that happened after the accident. Jerry is experiencing ____________ amnesia.
a) retrograde
b) anterograde
c) retroactive
d) proactive
Anterograde
Retrograde amnesia - The inability to access memories formed prior to damage to the brain
Ex. Someone with retrograde amnesia could not remember what led up to their brain injury including who they were with
Anterograde amnesia - The inability to create new memories following damage to the brain
Ex. Forgetting the names of the people you just met
For Little Albert, the sight of the rat went from being a(n) _____ to a(n) _____, and his fear of the rat became a conditioned response.
a) innate reinforcer; extraneous variable
b) neutral stimulus; extraneous variable
c) conditioned stimulus; neutral stimulus
d) neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus
d) neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus
A method of shaping that uses reinforcers to condition a series of small steps that gradually approach the target behavior is called:
Successive approximations
Luana edits manuscripts for a publisher and is paid $36 for every three pages she edits. Luana is reinforced on a ________ schedule.
a) FR
b) VR
c) FI
d) VI
FR - fixed ratio
How did brain damage affect H.M? Discuss the features of this case, including what he suffered from, what part of the brain was removed, symptoms he had after the surgery, and what stayed the same.
H.M suffered from epilepsy
Removed part of his brain, including the hippocampus
Had anterograde amnesia
Had retrograde amnesia
Intelligence and working memory stayed the same
What role do the cerebellum, cerebral cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus play in memory? Discuss all four.
Cerebellum - Procedural memory and classically conditioned responses
Cerebral cortex - Sensory memories
Amygdala and hippocampus - Declarative memory and memories of emotional significance