Sensation/Perception
The process of receiving stimulus energies from the external environment and transforming them into neural energy is called ____
Sensation
A systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience
Learning
Name 3 Phases of Memory
Encoding, Storage, Retrieval
Organisms learn association between behavior and consequences. Usually learned responses are involuntary responses such as salivating, fear, etc. This is known as _____
Classical Conditioning
A previously neutral stimulus that, when associated with the Unconditioned Stimulus, elicits a conditioned response.
Conditioned Stimulas
The opening in the center of the iris
The iris contains muscles that allow this part of the eye to get larger or smaller depending on how much light is being let into the eye.
Pupil
Increases probability of behavior
Reinforcement
_______ is the memory is so painful that remembering it is not tolerable.
-Often Associated with Traumatic Memories
Motivated Forgetting
An animal is isolated in a box equipped with levers or other devices in this environment.
The animal learns that pressing a lever or displaying specific behaviors can lead to rewards or punishments
Also introduced the idea of shaping
Skinner Box Experiment
_______ refers to a stimulus that has no signal value at all. This stimulus would not naturally elicit the unconditioned response.
Neutral Stimulas
The detection of chemical stimuli that are detected as smell and taste are known as _____
Chemoreceptors
___________ is behavior followed by addition of an aversive stimulus
______________ is behavior followed by removal of a desirable stimulus
1. Positive Punishment
2.Negative Punishment
-A form of episodic memory of a person’s life experiences
-Allow us to understand ourselves and provide a sense of identity
-Related to well-being and social bonding
Autobiographical Memories
Theory that states behaviors followed by pleasant outcomes are strengthened, behaviors followed by unpleasant outcomes are weakened
In his historical experiment, he placed a hungry cat inside a box. The cat could exit the box and receive food if it could figure out how to escape. After many attempts, the cat accidentally stepped on the lever, which opened the door and escaped. With subsequent trials, the cat decreased the number of ineffective movements and the time taken to escape.
Thorndike's Law of Effect
________ refers to the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior
Behavior Modification
A phenomenon wherein the brain focuses a person's attention on a particular stimulus, usually auditory.
This focus excludes a range of other stimuli from conscious awareness, as when a partygoer follows a single conversation in a noisy room.
Cocktail Party Effect
Imagine you get a headache every time you skip breakfast. You learn to avoid the headache by eating breakfast every day by eating breakfast, you're avoiding the negative outcome. This is an example of _______
Negative Reinforcement
One of the most famous and important cases in the study of memory in psychology
- This case demonstrated the distinction between short-term and long-term memory.
-He could hold information in his short-term memory for a brief period (like remembering a number for a few seconds), but he couldn't transfer that information into long-term memory
Case of H.M.
The ______ study demonstrated that children who watched an aggressive model were much more likely to engage in aggressive behavior.
This experiment highlighted the importance of social learning and the influence of role models on children's behavior.
Bobo Doll Experiment
In terms of Classical Conditioning, if the dog was conditioned to salivate to the bell in Pavlov's lab and then later tested in a different location where extinction occurred, the dog might still salivate to the bell when returned to the lab. This shows that the context plays a significant role in the retrieval of the conditioned response. This is the concept of
Renewal
Refers to the failure to detect unexpected events when our attention is engaged by a task (i.e., looking for a seat in the movie theater but failing to see your friend waving at you).
Inattentional blindness
In terms of Classical Conditioning, in the example presented of 'The Office', how did Jim condition Dwight?
Whenever his computer reboots, he offers Dwight an Altoid, and Dwight takes one every time. After this occurs a few times, Dwight indicates that he expects an Altoid the next time he hears the sound of Jim's computer rebooting.
Imagine you're studying for an exam in your school's library. When you take the exam in a classroom, you might find it harder to recall the information compared to if you were taking the exam in the library where you studied. The physical context of the library helps trigger your memory. This is an example of
Context-Dependent Memory
John Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrated the use of classical conditioning in the development of fear in an experiment called ________
Little Albert Experiment
You see a blurry image of a familiar object, like a car, and can still identify it because you use your prior knowledge and expectations. This is an example of
Top-Down Processing