Anxiety Disorders
List all the anxiety disorders we talked about in class.
GAD, panic disorder, phobias, OCD, PTSD
What is the key difference between major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder?
Major depressive disorder does NOT include manic episodes.
______ + _______ = physiological dependence
Tolerance + Withdrawal = physiological dependence
List the different biomedical therapies we talked about in class
Psychosurgery, ECT, shock therapy, rTMS, drug therapies
What are the 3D's? Define them.
Deviant: Rare/Outlier
Distressful: Causes personal suffering
Dysfunctional: Interferes with functioning
Define the two key parts of OCD that we talked about in class
Obsession: an intrusive thought that increases anxiety. You find it hard to not think about the intrusive thought
Compulsion: a repetitive, ritualistic behavior aimed at decreasing anxiety
1. depressed mood most of the day nearly every day
2. Diminished interest/pleasure in activities
What is the difference between a positive and negative symptom of schizophrenia? Which kind of symptom can medication help?
Positive symptoms: add-ons, an excess/distortion of normal functions
Negative symptoms: something that is lacking or missing, a deficit of normal functions
Medication can help with positive symptoms
Answer the following questions: 1) Do some kinds of therapy work better than others? 2) is there a best way to treat depression?
1) no, it depends on the person! Most studies suggest that various psychotherapies are all about equally effective
2) No, there is no "best" way to treat depression. Antidepressants can be effective for 60-70% of depressed patients. CBT is just as effective as medications. The combination of both is more effective than either alone.
Define etiology, prognosis, and comorbidity.
Etiology: causes of a disorder
Prognosis: the likely course of a disease/ailment
Comorbidity: co-occurrence of more than one disorder in the same individual
When someone is decreasing their anxiety by doing a compulsion that is an example of what form of operant conditioning?
What is a manic episode? Define it, and provide 3 examples of things someone having a manic episode might do.
A manic episode is a symptom of bipolar disorder in which the person becomes revved up with lots of energy.
Shopping spree, reckless sexual behaviors, excessive cleaning, etc. (very impulsive and feeling as though they are unstoppable)
How is a delusion different from a hallucination?
A delusion is a false belief, whereas hallucinations are fake sensory experiences.
List and define at least 2/3 of the techniques used in psychoanalysis treatment that we talked about in lecture
Free association: takes away the inhibition of the superego, client just lets words out
Dream analysis: analyzing manifest vs. latent content
Analysis of transference: you as the patient start transferring onto the therapist things from other relationships
How can observational learning play a role in the development of disorders?
Example: The kid in the OCD video could learn to start washing his hands a lot from his mom
What is anxiety sensitivity in relation to panic disorder and the etiology of anxiety disorders?
Who came up with the concept of cognitive distortions? Identify and describe the three distortions we covered in class.
Beck
Mind-reading: assume we know how other people are thinking of us
Labeling: like putting a negative label on the back of your shirt for yourself
All-or-nothing: use of always and never in vocab (ex: I always mess everything up)
Identify and define the three essential features of ADHD.
Inattention: easily distracted
Hyperactivity: can't sit still
Impulsivity: acting without thinking. Annoying to other kids. Leads to more medical expenses.
Why are SSRIs the class antidepressant that is more often prescribed? How do SSRIs Work?
They have a better side effect profile, which means you get more adherence.
They block the reuptake process of serotonin so that there is more serotonin in the synapse
What is the difference between categorical and dimensional approaches to diagnosis?
Categorical: Either you have it or you don't. Black and white. Psychiatric way of thinking. Light switch.
Dimensional: everyone is on the scale for a certain disorder. Much more psychological way of thinking. Dimmer switch
What are the three things we talked about in class that people with PTSD do after their traumatic event?
1. Re-experiencing the event
2. numbing/withdrawal (if you talk about it, it is in an emotionally detached way)
3. Hyperarousal ("on-edge"; insomnia can be a related symptom
Negative attributional style (how we answer the question "why?")
1. internal: I'm stupid and that's why I failed
2. global: I suck at everything
3. stable: I'm going to keep failing
List and define as many different symptoms (both negative and positive) of schizophrenia as possible
Delusions: false beliefs, beliefs that are not based on reality
Hallucinations: false sensory experiences, hearing seeing, smelling tasting, feeling things that aren't there
Disorganized thought and speech: Thoughts are incredibly jumbled. Listeners can get a sense of this if they voice their thoughts
Motor disturbances: catatonic (curled up in a strange position and don't move) or they are moving a lot and pacing back and forth quickly
Flat affect: lack of emotional expressivity
Alogia: poverty of speech, lack of normal speech output
Avolition: lack of motivation/interest
Systematic desensitization: reduces phobic clients' anxiety through exposure and counterconditioning
Factors: 1) relaxation training 2) construct anxiety hierarchy 3) exposures w/ relaxation substituted in
Draw the diathesis-stress model and explain what it is. What does it tell us?
Left is nature, right is nature.
Diathesis: vulnerability to psychological disorders; predisposition/tendency
Nurture: noxious physical stressors, relationship/job problems, trauma, abuse, neglect, etc.