Design It!
This term is a statement that explains and predicts observed events.
Theory
These are the 2 reasons underlying Fundamental Attribution Error/Correspondence Bias.
Role of perceptual salience & Belief in a just-world
At least two findings of Zhu et al. (2007)’s study of ACC and mPFC activation using the Kelley et al. Self, Mother, Other paradigm.
Answers will vary: Self activates both ACC and mPFC more than Other in both Chinese and Western participants.
Mother activates only the ACC in Western participants but activates both ACC and mPFC in Chinese participants.
Self and mother activation is the same in the ACC and mPFC of Chinese participants, but differs in the mPFC and ACC of Western participants
What are three major parts to self-concept?
Physical Self, Inner Self, Social Self
I accidentally drunk texted my parents one night. I was so embarrassed and thought the embarrassment would never end. What is this an example of, and how will I actually end up feeling in the near future?
Affective Misforcasting; I will likely get over this embarrassment quite quickly!
A study on self-referential processing found that information related to self-schema is better remembered than information that is unrelated to it. Identify the dependent variable in this study.
Memory accuracy
Spotlight Effect
Finding of Parkinson et al. (2018)’s study on neural responses and friendship. Predict the outcomes of friendships where the participants had similar and differing neural responses.
Participants who had highly correlated fMRI responses to video stimuli were often closer in the social network
More similar neural responses = friends grow closer
More dissimilar responses = friends grow apart
Name, explain, and give an example of one of the self-enhancement processes.
BIRG, CORF, Self-serving bias, BTAE
Analyze the following equation: Behavior = f(Person, Environment)
Behavior is shaped by the interaction between a person and their environment.
The mean, median, and mode are all examples of what type of statistics?
Descriptive statistics
Dylan, who is completely new to sewing, says that she could do quite well on the sewing show Project Runway. Raul, who has been sewing his entire life, thinks he wouldn't do that well. What effect is this an example of?
Dunning-Kruger Effect
The neural impacts of social exclusion and rejection.
Social rejection activates dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and insula (sensory and affective areas).
Illustrate the difference between an independent and interdependent self-construal. Explain a study that highlights these differences.
Independent self-construal highlights internal attributes—personal preferences, goals, rights, and feelings—as the core of identity. Autonomy and self-expression are key!
Interdependent self-construal centers identity in relationships: the self is understood through roles, obligations, and responsiveness to others’ needs and expectations. Coordination, duty, and situational appropriateness are key!
Studies: Professor Heejung Kim's pen study, Markus & Kitayama, 1991 (circle study)
Lily is a very outwardly feminine person. Describe something that may happen if she experiences stereotype threat.
Answers vary; example: Lily will do worse on STEM tests due to anxiety around the stereotype that women are not good at STEM.
A study is investigating how emotional state influences persistence in a task. Identify the independent variable and give an example of how it can be operationalized.
Emotional state is the independent variable ; the state can be "scared", "neutral", "happy" which can be brought about by having the subject watch a movie
Alex cuts Bella off in traffic and she gets angry at how negligent and rude Alex is as a person. However, Bella cuts someone off the very next day. But, she claims it's ok that she did it because she was running late. What is this an example of?
Actor-observer bias
(Bonus: What is the difference between actor-observer bias and self-serving bias?)
(Bonus 2: Are self-serving biases like FAE equally strong across cultures?)
The cyberball experiment used this substance in their study on social pain. What were they able to claim from this?
Tylenol; Causal evidence for the relationship between social and physical pain
What is reflected self-appraisal? Give an example of its limitations.
Reflected self-appraisal: using our perceptions of how others see us to influence how we define ourselves
Limitations: these perceptions are often distorted!
Use an example to explain either upward or downward social comparison.
Upward comparisons occur when individuals compare themselves to someone who performs better on a valued trait.
Downward comparisons involve contrasting oneself with someone worse off.
The Mills College Study was a longitudinal study that used data from old yearbook photos, reported marital satisfaction, and interactions between subjects and staff at different points in their life to draw conclusions. Identify the 3 variable measures in their study.
Archival (yearbook photos), Self-report (marital satisfaction), Behavioral (interactions with staff)
One day, Joey goes on a bunch of rollercoasters with a new friend. After, Joey looks back on the day suddenly thinks he might be romantically interested in his friend. What phenomenon might this be an example of?
Misattribution of arousal
Describe the findings of the Implicit Association Test when participants were in the fMRI machine & their importance for prejudice and social neuroscience research as a whole.
People who showed higher levels of implicit bias on the IAT had more amygdala response when seeing photos of people from a negatively stereotyped outgroup.
Automatic, affective fear response cultivated for certain faces
Social neuroscience can verify and strengthen findings of classic social psychology findings/paradigms, especially those subject to demand effects.
This theory suggests that people infer information about themselves from observing their own behavior in context. Name what the theory is and give an example of how a person may use it.
Self-perception theory, EXAMPLE
** A person has more context about themselves; therefore, their observations can be better contextualized and they can come to more accurate conclusions. **
Regina George acts rude to Gretchen one night. Most people are not rude to Gretchen; Regina is just a mean girl to everyone. She is repeatedly mean to Gretchen. What level of consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency does this have, and what cause (situational or dispositional) does it have?
Consensus is low, distinctiveness is low, and consistency is high. This has a dispositional cause.