Learning
Unlearned motor or neural reactions to a specific stimulus in an environment
What are reflexes?
The stimulus which elicits no response until conditioned
What is neutral?
Decreasing behavior, in operant conditioning
What is punishment?
Individuals who perform behavior that is imitated in observational learning
Who are models?
The Russian physiologist who is best known for experiments in classical conditioning
Who is Ivan Pavlov?
Innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as maturation or change of seasons
What are instincts?
When an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar
What is stimulus discrimination?
Tokens are an example of this
What is a secondary reinforcer?
When an organism observes a model being punished and is therefor less likely to copy them
What is vicarious punishment?
The founder of behaviorism
Who is John Watson?
A relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience
What is learning?
The return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period
What is spontaneous recovery?
The official name of the "Skinner box"
What is the Operant Conditioning Chamber?
The four specific steps necessary for observational learning to occur
What are attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation?
Originally proposed the Law of Effect
Who is Edward Thorndike?
Reflexes and instincts do not have to be learned; they help an organism do this within its environment
What is adapt?
The initial period of learning
What is acquisition?
Rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior
What is shaping?
The theory of learning which takes cognitive processes into account as they relate to behaviorism
What is social learning theory?
The scientist who demonstrated that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement
Who is Edward Tolman?
The process that occurs when an organism makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together in the environment.
What is associative learning?
When the conditioned stimulus serves to condition another stimulus
What is higher order (or second-order) conditioning?
Skinner believed that behaviors are motivated by this
What are consequences?
Three types of models identified by Bandura
What are live, verbal, and symbolic?
The psychologist who asserts that the details we place in our cognitive maps can impact our success in navigating through the environment.
Who is Laura Carlson?