Language I-III
True or False: Infants are better at acquiring language than adults.
True
What do false belief tasks test?
A test of mental state reasoning (Competence vs. Performance).
Based on the race-based categorization task, which face did infants look longer at?
Infants look longer at faces that resemble their own race (own-race face).
Infants have specialized learning towards dangerous animals such as snakes, and plants! However, _______ can help reduce plant avoidance and learn about edible plants.
Social information
True or False: Skinner believed language is learned through specialized learning mechanisms (Domain-specific) and Chomsky believed language is learned through association mechanisms (Domain-general).
False; Skinner believed in association mechanisms and Chomsky believed in specialized learning mechanisms.
True or False: Infants follow the goal of the object but NOT the motion path of the agent.
False; It is the opposite, infants will follow the goal of the agent, and the motion path of the object (non-agent).
What influences our race bias? (Define at least 2)
Contact and familiarity (positive interactions help)
Role of race in societal hierarchy (children do pick up on status)
The way we talk (need to address race, but be careful about generics)
According to Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development, how would a 6-year-old child morally reason about the punishment for breaking a rule?
A 6-year-old child would still be in Stage 1 of Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development, where rules are rigid, punishment is chosen by authority figures, and morality is determined by outcomes.
What are the three language learning rules?
Whole object assumption (assume that a word refers to the whole object), Mutual exclusivity assumption (assume objects only have one label), and social cues (gaze and emotions).
What was Baron and colleagues (1985) reasoning on why autistic children compared to the other groups, did not correctly answer the question of “Where would Sally look for the marble?”
They hypothesized that the autistic children failed to employ theory of mind, which explains their difficulty in reasoning about other’s mental states.
How does implicit and explicit bias compare in White childhood versus White older children or adults?
Explicit: White children are willing to say they prefer white friends.
Implicit: White children show a learned association between White/good and Black/bad.
While older children and adults are less likely to explicitly say they like White people more they still carry the same implicit bias.
What are the sources of individual differences when understanding variation in behavior? (Give a brief explanation of each)
Genes (different individuals have different copies of genes - measured by heritability)
Shared Environment (Shared experiences of individual raised together - which can be compared to the population)
Non-shared Environment (Experiences not shared by individuals raised together)
#1
Infants were much less likely to make the A-not-B error after a change in posture.
#2
Infants who were securely attached looked longer at the unresponsive caregiver compared to the insecurely attached infants. Indicating that securely attached infants expected the caregiver to be more responsive to the child.
#3
In crawling, when the probability of falling shoots up, the proportion of infants avoiding the gap rises slowly behind. Indicating that even when it is apparent that the infant is more likely to fall, they still take on the risky gaps when in the inexperienced posture (crawling), but not the experienced posture (sitting).
#4
Germany has a higher income inequality than the Netherlands, but a higher percentage of parents in the Netherlands push hard work than in Germany.
In the Dimensional Change Card Sort Task (DCCS), a child will sort through cards with trucks or flowers on them in different colors. They are asked to inhibit one rule (sort by image) to sort by another rule (color). Bilinguals do better in this task than monolinguals. What is this task measuring?
Executive functioning, specifically inhibitory control.
Avani (3 years old) is playing in her room and finds a box of M&Ms! However, to her surprise there is a pencil inside and no candy. Avani goes to show her older sister Shana (5 years old) the box, and asks her what she thinks is inside. What does Avani think Shana will guess?
In this false belief task Avani thinks Shana will guess pencils since, Avani herself has not had that competence shift as she is only three-years-old.
Angelica (F) and Andrew (M) are interested in playing a board game with their after school teacher. After learning that a previous student Alaina (F) did better, what do we expect from Angelica’s and Andrew’s performance with the game?
Since the identity of the child who “did better” influences the performance of the children. We would expect the added information of Alaina (F) to influence Angelica (F) in performing better, and Andrew (M) to perform worse.
Phil is trying to practice infant’s understanding of the natural world for his PSY 105 final. He knows that infants have specialized attentional, behavioral, and learning systems for the natural world. Give TWO examples pertaining to these systems. (Not two each, just two total.)
Any 2 of the following:
Attention to spiders
Specialized fear learning for snakes
Avoid touching plants
Specialized learning about plant edibility