Language
List one advantage that bilingualism affords
Understand that labels are arbitrary, better at perspective taking tasks, perform better at tasks requiring inhibition control.
In a national study of academic fields, researchers found that the fewer women and Black scholars a discipline had, the more people tended believed success required this innate quality.
What is brilliance?
What is theory of mind?
The theory that young children are only able to interpret the thoughts of their caregivers
The theory that parenting styles predict a child’s beliefs, knowledge, and desires
The concept that both genetics and socialization influence the development of the cortex
The ability to interpret, explain, and predict the actions of others based on their internal mental states
The ability to interpret, explain, and predict the actions of others based on their internal mental states
According to Piaget, children ages 8–10 enter this period where interactions with peers, such as negotiating the rules of a game like UNO, teach them that rules aren’t fixed and can be changed if everyone agrees.
What is the transitional period?
According to many studies, children do not reliably say that these organisms are “alive” until ages 10–12.
What are plants?
How do deaf children tend to communicate in homes with hearing parents?
A. Deaf children and hearing parents develop their own homesign systems.
B. Deaf children are taught sign language created by their parents
C. The signs deaf children will use tend to be iconic
D. 3/10 of signs used between deaf children and hearing parents tend to be iconic.
A & D
By age 6, boys tend to associate brilliance with their own gender, while girls instead associate their gender with this positive trait.
What is niceness?
What is evidence that infants can understand that only agents (people) possess desires while non-agents (machines) do not?
Infants expect agents to reach for what they want
Infants imitate a person’s goal and not the machine's motion pattern
In pretend play, 18 month olds undertake the roles and goals of non-agents
Infants cry in response to people but are emotionless in response to machines
Infants expect agents to reach for what they want and they imitate a person’s goal and not the machine's motion pattern.
Warneken & Tomasello (2007) showed that toddlers begin spontaneously helping adults around this age.
What is 14 months?
Barrett & Broesch (2012) found that children in both LA and the Shuar community remembered this type of information about animals best.
What is danger information?
How do we distinguish between “bah” and “pah”?
B and P both have different voice onset times. Since birth, our brains have been gradually attuned to the subtle differences between the two phonemes, allowing us to consistently recognize them as separate sounds (categorical perception).
B and P have the same onset times. After learning how to write, we have recognized them as separate phonemes.
B and P adhere to the mutual exclusivity principle. With context and surrounding sounds, infants and adults opt to hear B or P based on what makes the most sense.
B and P both have different voice onset times. The VOT of B and P is the same across all languages, which is why infants can also discriminate between B and P phonemes in non-native languages.
B and P both have different voice onset times. Since birth, our brains have been gradually attuned to the subtle differences between the two phonemes, allowing us to consistently recognize them as separate sounds (categorical perception).
In Duckworth & Seligman’s (2005) study, this trait accounted for nearly twice as much variance in GPA as IQ, suggesting that academic success depends on more than raw intelligence.
What is self-discipline/delayed gratification?
What is evidence that nature and nurture account for gender differences?
Nature: androgens, congenital adrenal hyperplasia and rough-tumble play
Nurture: Socialization (gender reveal parties, parental expectations about motor development, handling female infants gentler than males)
In Hamlin (2013), infants were shown both a “failed helper” (good intention, bad outcome) and a “failed hinderer” (bad intention, good outcome). Infants overwhelmingly chose the failed helper, demonstrating they prioritize this over outcomes.
What is intention?
A toddler sees her older sister touch a plant without getting hurt. Moments later, the toddler reaches toward the same plant more quickly than she would have otherwise. Why might this be?
Social information reduces plant avoidance; infants and toddlers learn plants are safe by watching others interact with them.
Boss Baby is shown two objects: a wrench and a round object. The experimenter points to the object and says "gavagei." Already having paired the name "wrench" to the wrench object, he will use what two principles to decide that "gavagei" refers to the novel round object?
Mutual exclusivity- novel name refers to novel object
Whole object assumption- refers to the entire object rather than an attribute of it
Name two positive outcomes from the Carolina Abecedarian Project that show the benefits of quality early childhood intervention.
Answers will vary.
Higher IQ scores
Better academic achievement
Higher rates of college attendance
Better employment outcomes
Better health outcomes in adulthood
Describe the paradigm most often cited as evidence that 3 year olds do not have theory of mind concepts, but 4 year olds do.
False-belief task: Requires children to understand that a character can believe something that the child knows to be false.
Sally-Anne Task (hiding marble in basket vs box). Requires slightly more advanced executive functioning and inhibition skills
In later studies, toddlers spontaneously help even when it requires leaving a fun game or climbing over an obstacle. These findings demonstrate toddlers’ willingness to incur these kinds of costs to help others.
What are social or physical costs?
This type of learning describes infants’ tendency to form fear associations more easily with snakes.
What is specialized fear learning?
In this experiment, Russian infants were first habituated to Russian speech and then exposed to French speech. What does this graph reveal about infant suckling and language discrimination?
French and Russian infants both suckled at equal rates during habituation. After this, the rates of error between Russian-French and Russian-Russian show that all infants continue to prefer listening to their native language.
Infants that were first habituated to Russian and then exposed to French showed a higher rate of suckling compared to those that continued to hear Russian. This supports the notion that infants can non-native discriminate phonemes and thus detect a change in language.
Both groups showed decreased interest and suckling when listening to Russian and French.
2. Infants that were first habituated to Russian and then exposed to French showed a higher rate of suckling compared to those that continued to hear Russian. This supports the notion that infants can non-native discriminate phonemes and thus detect a change in language.
How does the heritability of IQ change based on socioeconomic status (SES) in high-income vs. low-income individuals?
Heritability of IQ is low in low-SES environments because unequal or deprived conditions limit children’s ability to reach their genetic potential.
In high-SES environments, heritability is higher because most children have similarly enriched conditions, allowing genetic differences to account for more IQ variation.
Children with autism fail the false-belief task but pass the false-photograph task. What does this suggest about theory of mind?
Theory of mind is primarily concerned with social reasonings about others' mental states
In an experiment, infant watched a character help a climber reach the top of a hill and another character push the climber down. When given a chance to reach for one of the characters, which would the infant choose and why?
The helper!
Answers must mention intentions.
A researcher places an 8-month-old infant in front of five objects: a real plant, an artificial plant, a novel artifact, a familiar artifact, and a natural object.
The infant immediately touches the artifact objects but hesitates for several seconds before touching one category of object. Which object is the infant most likely hesitating to touch, and why might this be?
The real plant, because infants avoid touching plants to reduce risk of toxins or physical harm.