Concepts
The reaction time for the statement “a tulip is a plant” will be _______ compared to the statement “a flower is a plant”
what is slower?
: In the word “concepts” the “s” functions as a _______ and ______
phoneme and morpheme
This type of mental representation mimics the structure of the environment
When looking for academic articles for an essay, a student only looks for articles that support their claim. This is an example of which bias?
confirmation bias
The word “played” has _____ morphemes
what is two?
A person classifying a tomato is “technically” a fruit highlights a flaw in the _______ theory of concepts and it illustrates the ________
what is classical? what is prototype effect?
The statement “The flying taco is zumba dancing across the moon” demonstrates this property of language
generative
According to Kosslyn’s findings, people respond faster to questions about an object's details when it appears ___ in a mental image
larger
Imagine you conduct a logic task on a patient with ventromedial prefrontal cortex damage. Would you expect them to perform better, worse, or equivalent to someone without damage?
Equivalent
This test demonstrated that children can apply grammatical rules to words they have never heard before
what is the WUG test?
The correlation between family resemblance and category membership is close to zero for ________ categories
goal-defined
Spoken language is a __________ stream of sound which makes it difficult to identify word boundaries. This demonstrates the problem of _________
what is continuous? what is speech segmentation?
Mental rotation shows a robust gender difference, with men performing __ than women on average
faster/more accurate
In a study participants are asked to estimate the percentage of UN nations in Africa after being presented with either a 10% or 65%. participants in the 65% group tend to give significantly __ estimates, demonstrating this cognitive bias.
higher - anchoring
Joe, an incoming freshman at UCSB, is disappointed to be assigned to a less desirable dorm and predicts he will be miserable all year long. According to ___________, he will feel ______ miserable after a few months
What is affective forecasting? What is less?
In this task, subjects are presented with statements like 'A canary is yellow' and 'A canary has skin' and must judge whether they are true or false. This is known as the _______ task and provides evidence that concepts are organized as a _______
sentence-verification - knowledge network
You are a speech-language pathologist and recently got two new patients, Connor and Melody. Whenever you talk to Connor, he responds with phrases like “yes wonderful weather! ... I love reading books about birds…,” while Melody responds with “Oh... oh... one... two... oh…” What would you diagnose Connor with and what would you diagnose Melody with?
Wernicke's aphasia - Broca's Aphasia
In tasks that require participants to reason about spatial position, participants relied more on this type of knowledge than on mental images or maps
Propositional
A doctor is told that 1% of the population has a rare disease. After seeing a patient with a positive test result, the doctor overly relies on the result, neglecting the rarity of the disease. The doctor ALSO assumes a few cases in a small clinic should be just as representative as a large hospital's data, leading to overconfidence in the outcome. Which two biases are at play here?
base rate - law of small numbers
The Farah (1985) study tested whether having a participant imagine a letter first would affect their ability to perceive the same letter when presented briefly at low contrast. The study revealed which of the following results:
Visualizing a letter makes it easier to perceive the same letter.
Visualizing a letter makes it harder to perceive the same letter.
Visualizing a letter has no effect on perception
Perception of a letter is improved only if the letter is not visualized
1
An auto mechanic is shown a picture of a car and asked one of the following questions: “Is this a car?” “Is this a sedan?” “Is this a vehicle?” They respond equally fast to which two questions, due to the fact that experts can classify _________level categories just as quickly as _____level categories within their domain?
What is “Is this a sedan?” “Is this a car? “What is subordinate? What is basic?
If you were discussing language with Noam Chomsky, which of the following statement(s) would he most likely disagree with?
A. We have genetically specialized cognitive modules for certain skills
B. We have domain-general learning abilities that enable language acquisition
C. Children only receive positive evidence about language and not negative evidence
D. Positive evidence is sufficient for learning language
what is B & D?
In her 1979 study, Friedman showed participants scenes with both expected and incidental objects, revealing that generic, context-based knowledge influences memory for objects fitting this type of memory.
schema/ schema-based memory
In a study where participants are asked to judge the similarity between a familiar iphone and an unfamiliar Android model, based on Tversky’s theory of attribute substitution, which of the following are likely outcomes?
1. Participants will focus on easy-to-remember features like design or brand when judging similarity.
2. Participants will focus only on technical details even if they don’t know much about the Android model.
3. Familiarity with the iPhone 14 will make participants think more about its brand and features.
4. Participants will ignore design and other obvious features when comparing the two phones if they don’t know the Android model.
A+C
This cognitive bias explains why people often ignore statistical information in favor of descriptive characteristics when making judgments. It is commonly observed in tasks like the lawyer-engineer problem. The phenomenon is also linked to this heuristic, which simplifies complex decisions by focusing on how much something resembles a typical example
Base rate neglect - representative heuristic